胤礽 Yìnréng
Biography
理密親王允礽
理密親王允礽，聖祖第二子。康熙十四年十二月乙丑，聖祖以太皇太后、皇太后命立為皇太子。太子方幼，上親教之讀書。六歲就傅，令大學士張英、李光地為之師，又命大學士熊賜履授以性理諸書。
二十五年，上召江寧巡撫湯斌，以禮部尚書領詹事。斌薦起原任直隸大名道耿介為少詹事，輔導太子。介旋以疾辭。逾年，斌亦卒。太子通滿、漢文字，嫻騎射，從上行幸，賡詠斐然。
二十九年七月，上親征噶爾丹，駐蹕古魯富爾堅嘉渾噶山，遘疾，召太子及皇三子允祉至行宮。太子侍疾無憂色，上不懌，遣太子先還。
三十三年，禮部奏祭奉先殿儀注，太子拜褥置檻內，上諭尚書沙穆哈移設檻外，沙穆哈請旨記檔，上命奪沙穆哈官。
三十四年，冊石氏為太子妃。
三十五年二月，上再親征噶爾丹，命太子代行郊祀禮；各部院奏章，聽太子處理；事重要，諸大臣議定，啟太子。六月，上破噶爾丹，還，太子迎於諾海河朔，命太子先還。上至京師，太子率群臣郊迎。明年，上行兵寧夏，仍命太子居守。有為蜚語聞上者，謂太子暱比匪人，素行遂變。上還京師，錄太子左右用事者置於法。自此眷愛漸替。
四十七年八月，上行圍。皇十八子允祄疾作，留永安拜昂阿。上回鑾臨視，允祄病篤。上諭曰：「允祄病無濟，區區稚子，有何關係？至於朕躬，上恐貽高年皇太后之憂，下則係天下臣民之望，宜割愛就道。」因啟蹕。
九月乙亥，次佈爾哈蘇台，召太子，集諸王大臣諭曰：「允礽不法祖德，不遵朕訓，暴戾淫亂，朕包容二十年矣。乃其惡愈張，僇辱廷臣，專擅威權，鳩聚黨與，窺伺朕躬起居動作。平郡王訥爾素、貝勒海善、公普奇遭其毆撻，大臣官員亦罹其毒。朕巡幸陝西、江南、浙江，未嘗一事擾民。允礽與所屬恣行乖戾，無所不至，遣使邀截蒙古貢使，攘進御之馬，致蒙古俱不心服。朕以其賦性奢侈，用凌普為內務府總管，以為允礽乳母之夫，便其徵索。凌普更為貪婪，包衣下人無不怨憾。皇十八子抱病，諸臣以朕年高，無不為朕憂，允礽乃親兄，絕無友愛之意。朕加以責讓，忿然發怒，每夜偪近布城，裂縫竊視。從前索額圖欲謀大事，朕知而誅之，今允礽欲為復仇。朕不卜今日被鴆、明日遇害，晝夜戒慎不寧。似此不孝不仁，太祖、太宗、世祖所締造，朕所治平之天下，斷不可付此人！」上且諭且泣，至於僕地，即日執允礽，命直郡王允禔監之，誅索額圖二子格爾芬、阿爾吉善，及允礽左右二格、蘇爾特、哈什太、薩爾邦阿；其罪稍減者，遣戍盛京。次日，上命宣諭諸臣及侍衛官兵，略謂：「允礽為太子，有所使令，眾敢不從，即其中豈無奔走逢迎之人？今事內干連應誅者已誅，應遣者已遣，餘不更推求，毋危懼。」
Yunreng, Prince Limi of the First Rank
Yunreng, Prince Limi of the First Rank, was the second son of Shengzu. In the twelfth month of the fourteenth year of Kangxi, on yichou, Shengzu, at the command of the Grand Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager, made him Crown Prince. While the heir apparent was still small, the emperor taught him to read himself. At six he was put under tutors, with the Grand Secretaries Zhang Ying and Li Guangdi as his teachers, and the Grand Secretary Xiong Cilu was also ordered to teach him the books on human nature and principle. Edit
In the twenty-fifth year the emperor summoned the Governor of Jiangning, Tang Bin, and made him Supervisor of the Household of the Heir Apparent while holding the rank of Minister of Rites. Tang Bin recommended that Geng Jie, formerly the Circuit Intendant of Daming in Zhili, be brought back as Junior Supervisor of the Household to guide the heir apparent. Geng Jie soon resigned because of illness, and a year later Tang Bin also died. The heir apparent knew both Manchu and Chinese writing and was skilled at riding and archery; when he went with the emperor on his tours, the poems he wrote in reply were full of grace. Edit
In the seventh month of the twenty-ninth year, the emperor went in person on campaign against Ga'erdan. While he was halted at Gulufu'erjianjiahunga Mountain he fell ill, and he summoned the heir apparent and his third son Yunzhi to the travelling palace. The heir apparent attended him in his illness without any sign of concern; the emperor was displeased and sent him back ahead of the rest. Edit
In the thirty-third year, the Ministry of Rites submitted the protocol for the sacrifices at the Hall for Worshipping Ancestors, which placed the heir apparent's kneeling cushion inside the threshold. The emperor told the Minister, Shamuha, to move it outside the threshold. Shamuha asked that the order be put in writing and filed, and the emperor had him stripped of office. Edit
In the thirty-fourth year, a lady of the Shi clan was invested as consort of the heir apparent. Edit
In the second month of the thirty-fifth year, the emperor went in person on campaign against Ga'erdan again and ordered the heir apparent to perform the suburban sacrifices in his place; the memorials of the ministries and courts were left to the heir apparent to deal with, and on important matters the high officials were to reach a decision and report it to him. In the sixth month the emperor crushed Ga'erdan and returned; the heir apparent met him on the Nuohai River, north of the river, and was ordered to go back ahead. When the emperor reached the capital, the heir apparent led the officials out to the suburbs to welcome him. The next year, when the emperor took his troops to Ningxia, he again ordered the heir apparent to stay and guard the capital. Someone carried rumours to the emperor that the heir apparent kept close company with bad men and that his conduct had changed. When the emperor returned to the capital, he had those who held power around the heir apparent seized and punished by law. From then on the emperor's love and favour for him slowly declined. Edit
In the eighth month of the forty-seventh year, the emperor held a hunt. His eighteenth son, Yunjie, fell ill and was left at Yong'anbai'ang'a. The emperor turned back to see him; Yunjie was gravely ill. The emperor said: "Yunjie's illness is past help. He is only a little child; what does it matter? As for us, above we fear causing grief to the aged Empress Dowager, and below we bear the hopes of all the officials and people of the realm; we must give up our love and take to the road." He then set out. Edit
In the ninth month, on yihai, halted at Bu'erhasutai, the emperor summoned the heir apparent, gathered the princes and high officials, and declared: "Yunreng does not follow the virtue of his ancestors or obey our teaching. He is violent and debauched, and we have borne with him for twenty years. Yet his wickedness grows ever bolder: he insults the officials of the court, seizes power for himself, gathers a faction and spies on our every movement. Ne'ersu, Prince Ping of the Second Rank, Beile Haishan and Duke Puqi have been beaten by him, and high officials too have suffered his venom. When we toured Shaanxi, Jiangnan and Zhejiang, not one thing was done to trouble the people; yet Yunreng and his people behaved as they pleased, perversely and without limit. He sent men to waylay the Mongol tribute envoys and seize the horses meant for us, so that the Mongols are all resentful. Because he was extravagant by nature, we made Lingpu Superintendent of the Imperial Household, as the husband of Yunreng's wet nurse, to make his demands easier to meet. Lingpu has been more grasping still, and there is no bondservant who does not hate him. When our eighteenth son fell ill, all the officials, mindful of our age, were anxious for us; but Yunreng, his own elder brother, showed no brotherly love at all. When we rebuked him he flew into a rage, and every night he crept up to our tent and peered in through a slit. Suo'etu once plotted a great crime and we put him to death when we learned of it; now Yunreng wishes to avenge him. We do not know whether we will be poisoned today or murdered tomorrow, and day and night we are on our guard and have no peace. A man so unfilial and inhumane can never be given the realm that Taizu, Taizong and Shizu built and that we have brought to order and peace!" The emperor wept as he spoke, until he fell to the ground. That same day Yunreng was seized and Yunzhi, Prince Zhi of the Second Rank, was ordered to guard him. Suo'etu's two sons Ge'erfen and A'erjishan were put to death, and so were Yunreng's attendants Erge, Su'erte, Hashitai and Sa'erbang'a; those whose guilt was somewhat less were sent into exile at Shengjing. The next day the emperor had a proclamation made to the officials, the guards and the troops, which said in brief: "When Yunreng was heir apparent and gave orders, who dared not obey? Were there not those among you who ran his errands and flattered him? Now those in this affair who deserved death have been put to death and those who deserved exile have been exiled; the rest will not be pursued further. Do not be afraid." Edit
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上既廢太子，憤懣不已，六夕不安寢，召扈從諸臣涕泣言之，諸臣皆嗚咽。既又諭諸臣，謂：「觀允礽行事，與人大不同，類狂易之疾，似有鬼物憑之者。」及還京，設氈帷上駟院側，令允礽居焉，更命皇四子與允禔同守之。尋以廢太子詔宣示天下，上並親撰文告天地、太廟、社稷曰：「臣祗承丕緒，四十七年餘矣，於國計民生，夙夜兢業，無事不可質諸天地。稽古史冊，興亡雖非一轍，而得深懼祖宗垂貽之大業自臣而隳，故身雖不德，而親握朝綱，一切政務，不徇偏私，不謀群小，事無久稽，悉由獨斷，亦惟鞠躬盡瘁，死而後已，在位一日，勤求治理，斷不敢少懈。不知臣有何辜，生子如允礽者，不孝不義，暴虐慆淫，若非鬼物憑附，狂易成疾，有血氣者豈忍為之？允礽口不道忠信之言，身不履德義之行，咎戾多端，難以承祀，用是昭告昊天上帝，特行廢斥，勿致貽憂邦國，痛毒蒼生。抑臣更有哀籥者，臣自幼而孤，未得親承父母之訓子，遠不及臣，如大清歷數綿長，延臣壽命，臣當益加勤勉，謹保終始；如我國家無福，即殃及臣躬，以全臣令名。臣不勝痛切，謹告。」
太子既廢，上諭：「諸皇子中如有謀為皇太子者，即國之賊，法所不宥。」諸皇子中皇八子允禩謀最力，上知之，命執付議政大臣議罪，削貝勒。十月，皇三子允祉發喇嘛巴漢格隆，為皇長子允禔厭允礽事。上令侍衛發允礽所居，得厭勝物十餘事。上幸南苑行圍，遘疾，還宮，召允礽入見，使居咸安宮。上逾諸近臣曰：「朕召見允礽，詢問前事，竟有全不知者，是其諸惡皆被魘魅而然。果蒙天佑，狂疾頓除，改而為善，朕自有裁奪。」廷臣希旨有請復立允礽為太子者，上不許。左副都御史勞之辨奏上，上斥其奸詭，奪官，予杖。
既，上召諸大臣，命於諸皇子中舉孰可繼立為太子者，諸大臣舉允禩。明日，上召諸大臣入見，諭以太子因魘魅失本性狀。諸大臣奏：「上既灼知太子病源，治療就痊，請上頒旨宣示。」又明日，召允礽及諸大臣同入見，命釋之，且曰：「覽古史冊，太子既廢，常不得其死，人君靡不悔者。前執允礽，朕日日不釋於懷。自頃召見一次，胸中乃疏快一次。今事已明白，明日為始，朕當霍然矣。」又明日，諸大臣奏請復立允礽為太子，疏留中未下。上疾漸愈，四十八年正月，諸大臣复疏請，上許之。
三月辛巳，復立允礽為皇太子，妃復為皇太子妃。五十年十月，上察諸大臣為太子結黨會飲，譴責步軍統領託合齊，尚書耿額、齊世武，都統鄂繕、迓圖。託合齊兼坐受戶部缺主沈天生賄罪，絞；又以鎮國公景熙首告貪婪不法諸事，未決，死於獄，命剉屍焚之。齊世武、耿額亦以得沈天生賄，絞死。鄂繕奪官，幽禁。迓圖入辛者庫，守安親王墓。上諭謂：「諸事皆因允礽。允礽不仁不孝，徒以言語貨財囑此輩貪得諂媚之人，潛通消息，尤無恥之甚。」
五十一年十月，复廢太子，禁錮咸安宮。五十二年，趙申喬疏請立太子，上諭曰：「建儲大事，未可輕言。允礽為太子時，服御俱用黃色，儀注上幾於朕，實開驕縱之門。宋仁宗三十年未立太子，我太祖、太宗亦未豫立。漢、唐已事，太子幼衝，尚保無事；若太子年長，左右群小結黨營私，鮮有能無過者。太子為國本，朕豈不知？立非其人，關係匪輕。允礽儀表、學問、才技俱有可觀，而行事乖謬，不仁不孝，非狂易而何？凡人幼時猶可教訓，及長而誘於黨類，便各有所為，不復能拘制矣。立皇太子事，未可輕定。」自是上意不欲更立太子，雖諭大學士、九卿等裁定太子儀仗，卒未用。終清世不復立太子。
五十四年十一月，有醫賀孟頫者，為允礽福金治疾，允礽以礬水作書相往來，复囑普奇舉為大將軍，事發，普奇等皆得罪。五十六年，大學士王掞疏請建儲，越數日，御史陳嘉猷等八人疏繼上，上疑其結黨，疏留中不下。五十七年二月，翰林院檢討朱天保請復立允礽為太子，上親召詰責，辭連其父侍郎朱都納，及都統銜齊世，副都統戴保、常賚，內閣學士金寶。朱天保、戴保誅死，朱都納及常賚、金寶交步軍統領枷示，齊世交宗人府幽禁。七月，允礽福金石氏卒。上稱其淑孝寬和，作配允礽，辛勤歷有年所，諭大學士等同翰林院撰文致祭。六十年三月，上萬壽節，掞復申前請建儲。越數日，御史陶彝等十二人疏繼上。上乃嚴旨斥掞為奸，並以諸大臣請逮掞等治罪，上令掞及彝等發軍前委署額外章京。掞年老，其子奕清代行。
六十一年，世宗即位，封允礽子弘晳為理郡王。雍正元年，詔於祁縣鄭家莊修蓋房屋，駐劄兵丁，將移允礽往居之。二年十二月，允礽病薨，追封諡。六年，弘晳進封親王。乾隆四年十月，高宗諭責弘晳，自視為東宮嫡子，居心叵測，削爵。以允礽第十子弘㬙襲郡王。四十五年，薨，諡曰恪。子永曖，襲貝勒。子孫循例遞降，以輔國公世襲。允礽第三子弘晉、第六子弘曣、第七子弘晁、第十二子弘晥皆封輔國公。弘曣卒，諡恪僖。子永瑋，襲。事高宗，歷官左宗正，廣州、黑龍江、盛京將軍。卒，諡恪勤。永曖四世孫福錕，事德宗，官至體仁閣大學士。卒，諡文慎。
After deposing the heir apparent, the emperor was filled with grief and anger and could not sleep for six nights. He summoned the officials in his train and spoke of it in tears, and the officials all wept. He then told the officials: "Looking at the way Yunreng behaves, he is very unlike other men. It is like the sickness of madness, as if some demon had possessed him." When he returned to the capital, he had a felt tent set up beside the Imperial Stud and made Yunreng live in it, and he ordered his fourth son to guard him together with Yunzhi. Soon the edict deposing the heir apparent was proclaimed to the realm, and the emperor himself wrote an announcement to Heaven and Earth, the Ancestral Temple and the Altars of Soil and Grain, which said: "Your servant has reverently carried on the great inheritance for more than forty-seven years. In the affairs of the state and the livelihood of the people I have been diligent and careful day and night, and there is nothing I have done that could not be laid before Heaven and Earth. Looking into the histories of old, rise and fall have not followed one path, but I have deeply feared that the great enterprise handed down by my ancestors might be ruined through me. So, though I am lacking in virtue, I have held the reins of court myself; in all affairs of government I have not bent to private favour, nor taken counsel with petty men; nothing has been left long undone, and everything has been decided by me alone. I have given myself wholly to the task, to cease only with death; every day I am on the throne I seek good government diligently and dare not slacken in the least. I do not know what wrong I have done, to have a son like Yunreng, unfilial and unrighteous, cruel and debauched. Were he not possessed by some demon, driven mad by sickness, how could anyone with blood in his veins bear to act so? Yunreng's mouth speaks no words of loyalty or good faith, and his person does no deeds of virtue or right; his faults are many, and he is unfit to carry on the sacrifices. I therefore announce to the Supreme God of Heaven that I have deposed him, so that he may not bring grief upon the state or cruel suffering upon the people. I have a further sorrowful plea. I was orphaned young and never had my parents' teaching in person, and yet this son falls far short of me. If the destiny of the Great Qing is to be long, and my life is lengthened, I shall work harder still and keep careful watch to the end; if our state has no such fortune, let the calamity fall upon my own person, that my good name may be kept whole. I cannot express the depth of my grief. I respectfully announce this." Edit
After the heir apparent was deposed, the emperor decreed: "If any of the princes schemes to become Crown Prince, he is a traitor to the state, whom the law will not spare." Among the princes, the eighth son Yunsi schemed hardest; the emperor learned of it, had him seized and handed to the Prince Counsellors and high officials to judge his guilt, and stripped him of his rank of Beile. In the tenth month the third son Yunzhi exposed the lama Bahan Gelong for bewitching Yunreng on behalf of the eldest son Yunzhi. The emperor had the guards dig up the place where Yunreng had lived, and they found more than ten objects used in the sorcery. The emperor went to the Southern Park to hunt, fell ill and returned to the palace; he summoned Yunreng to see him and had him live in the Xian'an Palace. The emperor told his close officials: "When we summoned Yunreng and asked him about what had happened, there were things he knew nothing of at all; all his wickedness came from being bewitched. If Heaven blesses him and the madness suddenly leaves him, and he turns to good, we shall decide for ourselves." Some officials of the court, trying to anticipate the emperor's wishes, asked that Yunreng be made heir apparent again, but the emperor refused. When the Left Deputy Censor-in-Chief Lao Zhibian memorialized to that effect, the emperor denounced him as crafty and deceitful, stripped him of office and had him beaten. Edit
After this, the emperor summoned the high officials and ordered them to name which of the princes might succeed as heir apparent; the officials named Yunsi. The next day the emperor summoned the officials and told them how the heir apparent had lost his true nature because he had been bewitched. The officials memorialized: "Since Your Majesty clearly knows the source of the heir apparent's sickness, and he has been treated and cured, we ask Your Majesty to issue an edict proclaiming it." The day after, he summoned Yunreng and the officials together and ordered Yunreng released, saying: "Reading the histories of old, a deposed heir apparent has seldom died a natural death, and no ruler has failed to regret it. Since we had Yunreng seized, it has weighed on our mind every day. Each time we have summoned him lately, our heart has grown lighter. Now the matter has been made clear, and from tomorrow we shall be wholly at ease." The day after that, the officials memorialized asking that Yunreng be made heir apparent again; the memorial was kept in the palace and no answer was sent down. The emperor's illness gradually mended, and in the first month of the forty-eighth year, when the officials memorialized again, the emperor agreed. Edit
In the third month, on xinsi, Yunreng was again made Crown Prince, and his consort again became the consort of the Crown Prince. In the tenth month of the fiftieth year, the emperor discovered that some high officials had formed a faction for the heir apparent and met to drink together, and he censured the Commander of the Gendarmerie Tuoheqi, the Ministers Geng'e and Qi Shiwu, and the Lieutenant-Generals E'shan and Yatu. Tuoheqi was also found guilty of taking bribes from Shen Tiansheng, a contractor under the Ministry of Revenue, and was sentenced to strangling; and, since Jingxi, Duke Who Guards the State, had denounced his many greedy and lawless acts, before the case was settled he died in prison, and his corpse was ordered to be hacked to pieces and burned. Qi Shiwu and Geng'e were also strangled for taking bribes from Shen Tiansheng. E'shan was stripped of office and confined. Yatu was put into the xinzheku bondservant service and set to guard the tomb of the Prince An of the First Rank. The emperor's decree said: "All this has come about because of Yunreng. Yunreng is inhumane and unfilial; he used words and money to engage these greedy flatterers to pass him secret news, which is shameless in the extreme." Edit
In the tenth month of the fifty-first year, the heir apparent was deposed again and confined in the Xian'an Palace. In the fifty-second year, Zhao Shenqiao memorialized asking that an heir apparent be named. The emperor replied: "Naming an heir is a great matter and must not be spoken of lightly. When Yunreng was heir apparent, his clothes and things were all yellow, and his ceremonial nearly equal to ours, which truly opened the door to arrogance and licence. Renzong of Song named no heir apparent for thirty years, and our Taizu and Taizong did not name one in advance either. In what happened under Han and Tang, while the heir apparent was a child there was still no trouble; but once he was grown, the petty men around him formed factions for private ends, and few heirs escaped wrongdoing. That the heir apparent is the root of the state, do we not know? But if the wrong man is named, the consequences are grave. Yunreng's bearing, learning and talents were all worth noting, yet he acted perversely, inhumane and unfilial; what was that if not madness? A man can still be taught while he is young, but once he is grown and led astray by his faction, each goes his own way and can no longer be held in check. The naming of a Crown Prince cannot be settled lightly." From then on the emperor had no wish to name another heir apparent; though he ordered the Grand Secretaries, the Nine Chief Ministers and others to settle the heir apparent's regalia, it was never used. To the end of the Qing no heir apparent was named again. Edit
In the eleventh month of the fifty-fourth year, a physician named He Mengfu treated Yunreng's consort for an illness, and Yunreng exchanged letters with him written in alum water, and further asked Puqi to recommend him as Grand General; when this came out, Puqi and the others were all punished. In the fifty-sixth year, Grand Secretary Wang Shan memorialized asking that an heir be named, and a few days later the censor Chen Jiayou and seven others followed with a memorial; the emperor suspected them of forming a faction, and the memorials were kept in the palace with no answer sent down. In the second month of the fifty-seventh year, Zhu Tianbao, a Corrector of the Hanlin Academy, asked that Yunreng be made heir apparent again. The emperor summoned him and questioned him sternly himself, and his answers implicated his father, the Vice Minister Zhu Duna, as well as Qishi, who held the title of Lieutenant-General, the Deputy Lieutenant-Generals Daibao and Changlai, and the Sub-Chancellor of the Grand Secretariat Jinbao. Zhu Tianbao and Daibao were put to death; Zhu Duna, Changlai and Jinbao were handed to the Commander of the Gendarmerie to be shown in the cangue, and Qishi was handed to the Imperial Clan Court to be confined. In the seventh month, Yunreng's consort, the lady of the Shi clan, died. The emperor praised her as virtuous, filial, generous and gentle, saying that as Yunreng's wife she had toiled for many years, and he ordered the Grand Secretaries and others, with the Hanlin Academy, to compose a text and offer sacrifices to her. In the third month of the sixtieth year, on the emperor's birthday, Wang Shan again pressed his earlier request that an heir be named. A few days later the censor Tao Yi and eleven others followed with a memorial. The emperor then issued a stern decree denouncing Wang Shan as treacherous, and since the high officials asked that Wang Shan and the others be arrested and punished, the emperor ordered Wang Shan, Tao Yi and the rest sent to the front as acting supernumerary secretaries. Wang Shan was old, and his son Yiqing went in his place. Edit
In the sixty-first year, Shizong came to the throne and made Yunreng's son Hongxi Prince Li of the Second Rank. In the first year of Yongzheng, an edict ordered houses built at Zhengjiazhuang in Qi County, with troops stationed there, and Yunreng was to be moved there to live. In the twelfth month of the second year, Yunreng died of illness, and was given a posthumous title and name. In the sixth year Hongxi was raised to Prince of the First Rank. In the tenth month of the fourth year of Qianlong, Gaozong issued a decree censuring Hongxi, who saw himself as the rightful son of the heir apparent and whose intentions could not be fathomed, and stripped him of his title. Yunreng's tenth son, Hongpu, inherited as Prince of the Second Rank. He died in the forty-fifth year and was given the posthumous name Ke. His son Yong'ai inherited as Beile. His sons and grandsons were lowered a step in each generation by the usual rule, and the line was hereditary as Duke Who Assists the State. Yunreng's third son Hongjin, sixth son Hongyan, seventh son Hongchao and twelfth son Hongwan were all made Duke Who Assists the State. Hongyan died and was given the posthumous name Kexi. His son Yongwei inherited. He served Gaozong, holding the posts of Left Director of the Imperial Clan Court and General of Guangzhou, of Heilongjiang and of Shengjing. He died and was given the posthumous name Keqin. Yong'ai's great-great-grandson Fukun served Dezong and rose to Grand Secretary of the Tiren Hall. He died and was given the posthumous name Wenshen. Edit
The English was translated from the original by an AI, not checked sentence by sentence by a person, and is for reference; where it differs from the original, the original is right. Names are in pinyin. If a sentence is wrong, use “Edit” after the paragraph to correct it - no need to sign in.
Source: 清史稿 卷二百二十 列传七 诸王六 (Draft History of Qing, juan 220, Biographies 7: Princes 6)
Wikipedia: Yunreng · Chinese Wikipedia: 允礽 · Baidu Baike: 允礽 (an article of the same name, not checked to be him)
Source
From the historical record: the notes below say where · qing-zongshi-00802
Notes (2)
- [Source] 清史稿 卷一百六十四 表四 皇子世表四 Draft History of Qing, juan 164, Table 4: Genealogical Table of the Emperors' Sons 4
- [Collation note] 表云：「聖祖第二子。康熙十四年立爲皇太子，四十六年廢，四十八年復立，五十一年復廢。雍正二年薨，追封理親王，諡曰密」 The table: “Second son of Shengzu. In Kangxi 14 (1675), named Crown Prince. In Kangxi 46 (1707), deposed. In Kangxi 48 (1709), named Crown Prince again. In Kangxi 51 (1712), deposed again. In Yongzheng 2 (1724), died, posthumously made Prince Li of the First Rank, given the posthumous name Mi.”