代善 Dàishàn
Biography
禮烈親王代善
禮烈親王代善，太祖第二子。初號貝勒。歲丁未，與舒爾哈齊、褚英徙東海瓦爾喀部斐悠城新附之眾，烏拉貝勒布占泰遣其將博克多將萬人要於路。代善見烏喇兵營山上，分兵緣山奮擊，烏喇兵敗竄，代善馳逐博克多，自馬上左手攫其胄斬之。方雪甚寒，督戰益力，烏喇敗兵僵卧相屬，復得其將常柱、瑚哩布。師還，太祖嘉代善勇敢克敵，賜號古英巴圖魯。
歲癸丑，太祖伐烏喇，克遜紥搭、郭多、郭謨三城。布占泰將三萬人越富勒哈城而營，諸將欲戰，太祖猶持重，代善曰：「我師遠伐，利速戰，慮布占泰不出耳。出而不戰，將謂之何？」太祖曰：「我豈怯戰？恐爾等有一二被傷，欲計萬全。今眾志在戰，復何猶豫。」因麾兵進，與烏喇步兵相距百步許，代善從太祖臨陣奮擊，大破之，克其城。烏喇兵潰走，代善追殪過半。布占泰奔葉赫，所屬城邑盡降，編戶萬家。天命元年，封和碩貝勒，以序稱大貝勒。
太祖始用兵於明，行二日，遇雨，太祖欲還，代善曰：「我師既入明境，遽引還，將復與修好乎？師既出，孰能諱之？且雨何害，適足以懈敵耳。」太祖從之。夜半雨霽，昧爽，圍撫順，明將李永芳以城降。東州、瑪哈丹二城及台堡五百餘俱下。師還，出邊二十里，明將張承蔭率兵來追。代善偕太宗還戰，復入邊，破其三營，斬承蔭及其裨將頗廷相等。四年，命代善率諸將十六、兵五千，守紥喀關備明。尋引還。
三月，明經略楊鎬大舉來侵，遣總兵劉綎將四萬人出寬甸，杜松將六萬人出撫順，李如柏將六萬人出清河，馬林將四萬人出三岔口。太祖初聞明兵分出寬甸、撫順，以寬甸有備，親率師西御撫順明兵。代善將前軍，諜復告明兵出清河，代善曰：「清河道狹，且崎嶇，不利速行，我當御其自撫順來者。」過紥喀關，太宗以祀事後至，言界凡方築城，民應役，宜急衛之。代善引兵自太蘭岡趨界凡，與築城役屯吉林崖。杜松以二萬人來攻，別軍陣薩爾滸山。代善與貝勒阿敏、莽古爾泰及諸將議以千人助吉林崖軍，使陟山下擊，餘軍張兩翼，右應吉林崖，左當薩爾滸。太祖至，以右翼兵益左翼，先趨薩爾滸。明兵出，我兵仰射，不移時破其壘。吉林崖軍自山馳而下，右翼渡河夾擊，破明兵，斬松等。馬林出三岔口，以三萬人軍於尚間崖，監軍道潘宗顏將萬人軍於飛芬山，松後部龔念遂、李希泌軍於斡琿鄂謨，太祖督兵攻之。代善將三百騎馳尚間崖，見明兵結方營，掘壕三匝，以火器居前，騎兵繼之，嚴陣而待，遣騎告太祖。太祖已擊破念遂等，親至尚間崖，令於軍，皆下馬步戰。未畢下，明兵突至，代善躍馬入陣，師奮進，斬獲過半。翌日，代善以二十騎先還，詗南路敵遠近。太祖亦還，聞劉綎兵深入，命代善率先至諸軍御之。出瓦爾喀什，綎已至阿佈達哩岡，太宗率右翼陟山，代善率左翼出其西，夾擊，明兵大潰，斬綎。鎬所遣諸軍盡敗。
Daishan, Prince Lilie of the First Rank
Daishan, Prince Lilie of the First Rank, was the second son of Taizu. At first he was styled Beile. In the year dingwei, with Shu'erhaqi and Chuying, he went to move the newly submitted people of the town of Feiyou of the Wa'erka tribe of the Eastern Sea. Buzhantai, Beile of Wula, sent his general Bokeduo with ten thousand men to intercept them on the road. Daishan saw that the Wula troops were camped on a hill; he divided his troops and attacked hard along the hillside, and the Wula troops were routed and fled. Daishan galloped after Bokeduo, seized his helmet with his left hand from the saddle and cut him down. Snow was falling heavily and it was bitterly cold, but he pressed the fight all the harder; the beaten Wula troops lay frozen stiff one after another, and he also captured their generals Changzhu and Hulibu. When the army returned, Taizu praised Daishan's courage in overcoming the enemy and granted him the title Guying Baturu. Edit
In the year guichou Taizu attacked Wula and took the three cities of Xunzhada, Guoduo and Guomo. Buzhantai led thirty thousand men past the city of Fuleha and camped. The generals wanted to fight, but Taizu was still cautious. Daishan said, "Our army has come a long way to attack; it is to our advantage to fight quickly. My only worry was that Buzhantai would not come out. Now he has come out; if we do not fight, what will be said of us?" Taizu said, "Am I afraid to fight? I fear that one or two of you may be hurt, and I want a plan that is perfectly safe. But now all of you are set on fighting, so why hesitate any longer?" He waved the troops forward. When they were about a hundred paces from the Wula infantry, Daishan, following Taizu into battle, attacked hard, routed them completely and took their city. The Wula troops broke and fled, and Daishan pursued and killed more than half of them. Buzhantai fled to Yehe, all the towns under him surrendered, and ten thousand households were registered. In the first year of Tianming he was made Heshuo Beile, and by order of age was called the Great Beile. Edit
When Taizu first made war on the Ming, after two days' march it rained, and Taizu wanted to turn back. Daishan said, "Our army has already entered Ming territory; if we suddenly lead it back, are we then to make friends with them again? The army has marched out; who can hide that? Besides, what harm does rain do? It only makes the enemy careless." Taizu followed his advice. At midnight the rain cleared; at first light they surrounded Fushun, and the Ming general Li Yongfang surrendered the city. The two cities of Dongzhou and Mahadan, and more than five hundred watchtowers and forts, all fell. As the army was returning, twenty li beyond the border, the Ming general Zhang Chengyin came in pursuit with troops. Daishan and Taizong turned back to fight, re-entered the border, broke his three camps and beheaded Zhang Chengyin and his subordinate general Po Tingxiang and others. In the fourth year Daishan was ordered to lead sixteen generals and five thousand troops to hold the Zhaka Pass against the Ming. Soon he led them back. Edit
In the third month the Ming Commissioner of Military Affairs (jinglue) Yang Gao invaded in great force. He sent the Brigade General Liu Ting with forty thousand men out by Kuandian, Du Song with sixty thousand out by Fushun, Li Rubai with sixty thousand out by Qinghe, and Ma Lin with forty thousand out by Sanchakou. When Taizu first heard that the Ming troops were coming out by Kuandian and Fushun, since Kuandian was already defended, he led the army west in person to meet the Ming troops from Fushun. Daishan commanded the vanguard. Spies then reported that Ming troops were coming out by Qinghe. Daishan said, "The Qinghe road is narrow and rugged and unsuited to a fast march; we should meet those coming from Fushun." After they had passed the Zhaka Pass, Taizong, who had come late because of a sacrifice, said that the city of Jiefan was being built and the people were at work on it, and that they should hurry to protect it. Daishan led his troops from Tailan Ridge towards Jiefan and camped at Jilin Cliff with the labourers building the city. Du Song came to attack with twenty thousand men, while another army was drawn up on Mount Sa'erhu. Daishan, with the Beile Amin and Manggu'ertai and the generals, decided to send a thousand men to help the troops on Jilin Cliff and have them climb the hill and strike downwards, while the rest of the army spread out in two wings, the right supporting Jilin Cliff and the left facing Sa'erhu. Taizu arrived, added the troops of the right wing to the left, and made first for Sa'erhu. The Ming troops came out, our troops shot up at them, and in no time their ramparts were broken. The troops on Jilin Cliff charged down the hill, the right wing crossed the river and attacked from the other side, and they broke the Ming troops and beheaded Du Song and others. Ma Lin came out by Sanchakou and camped with thirty thousand men at Shangjian Cliff; the circuit intendant supervising the army, Pan Zongyan, camped with ten thousand men on Mount Feifen; Du Song's rear units under Gong Niansui and Li Ximi camped at Wohun'emo. Taizu led troops to attack them. Daishan galloped with three hundred horsemen to Shangjian Cliff and saw that the Ming troops had formed a square camp with three rings of trenches, firearms in front and cavalry behind, waiting in close order; he sent riders to tell Taizu. Taizu, having already broken Gong Niansui and the others, came in person to Shangjian Cliff and ordered the whole army to dismount and fight on foot. Before they had all dismounted the Ming troops suddenly charged; Daishan spurred his horse into their lines, the army surged forward, and more than half of the enemy were killed or captured. The next day Daishan went back first with twenty horsemen to find out how near the enemy on the southern route was. Taizu also returned, and hearing that Liu Ting's troops had pushed deep in, ordered Daishan to lead the armies that had arrived first to meet him. They came out at Wa'erkashi; Liu Ting had already reached Abudali Ridge. Taizong led the right wing up the hill, and Daishan led the left wing out to the west of it; they attacked from both sides, the Ming troops were utterly routed, and Liu Ting was beheaded. All the armies Yang Gao had sent were defeated. Edit
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七月，從太祖克鐵嶺。八月，太祖伐葉赫。葉赫有二城：金台石居其東，布揚古居其西。師至，太祖攻東城，代善攻西城。東城下，布揚古及其弟布爾杭古乞盟，代善諭而降之。六年三月，從太祖伐明沈陽，率其子岳託戰，斬馘甚眾。復偕莽古爾泰遷金州民於復州。
十一年八月，太祖崩，岳託與其弟薩哈璘告代善，請奉太宗嗣位，代善曰：「是吾心也！」告諸貝勒定策。太宗辭讓再三，代善等請益堅，乃即位。是冬，伐蒙古喀爾喀紥魯特部，擒貝勒巴克等，斬鄂爾齋圖，俘所屬而歸。
天聰元年，從太宗圍錦州，拒明山海關援兵，薄寧遠，破敵，以暑還師。三年，從伐明，入洪山口，克遵化，薄明都，明總兵滿桂等赴援，擊敗之德勝門外，克良鄉，又破明兵永定門外。從上閱薊州形勢，明步兵五千自山海關至，與師遇，不及陣，列車楯、槍炮而營，代善率左翼四旗擊破之。四年正月，明侍郎劉之綸率兵至遵化，營山上，代善環山圍之，破其七營，之綸走入山，射殺之。五年八月，從上圍大凌河，收城外台堡。九月，明總兵吳襄、監軍道張春等將四萬人自錦州至，距大凌河十五里，代善從上將二萬人擊之，明兵方陣，發槍炮，督騎兵突入，矢如雨，明兵大卻。襄遁，春收潰兵復陣。黑雲起，風自西來，明兵乘風縱火逼我軍。大雨反風，毀其營，明兵死者甚眾，師乘之，獲春等。春見上不屈，上將誅之，代善諫，乃赦之。
初，太祖命四和碩貝勒分直理政事，每御殿，和碩貝勒皆列坐。至是，禮部參政李伯龍請定朝會班制。時和碩貝勒阿敏已得罪，莽古爾泰亦以罪降多羅貝勒，諸貝勒議不得列坐。代善曰：「奚獨莽古爾泰？上居大位，我亦不當併列。自今請上南面，我與莽古爾泰侍坐於側，諸貝勒坐於下。」
六年四月，從上伐察哈爾，過興安嶺，聞林丹汗遠遁，移師攻歸化城，趨大同、宣府，出塞，與沙河堡、得勝堡、張家口諸守將議和而還。八年五月，從伐明，出榆林口，至宣府邊外，分兵自喀喇鄂博克得勝堡，遂自朔州趨馬邑，會師大同而還。
崇德元年，封和碩兄禮親王。冬，從上伐朝鮮。二年，有司論王克朝鮮，違旨以所獲糧米飼馬及選用護衛溢額，上曰：「朕於兄禮親王敬愛有加，何不體朕意若是？」又曰：「王等事朕雖致恭敬，朕何所喜？必正身行義以相輔佐，朕始嘉賴焉。」四年十一月，從上獵於葉赫，射獐，馬僕，傷足。上下馬為裹創，酌金卮勞之，因泣下曰：「朕以兄年高不可馳馬，兄奈何不自愛？」罷獵，還，命乘輿緩行，日十餘里，護以歸。
八年，太宗崩，世祖即位。王集諸王、貝勒、大臣議，以鄭親王濟爾哈朗、睿親王多爾袞輔政。又發貝子碩託、郡王阿達禮私議立睿親王，下法司，誅之。碩託，王次子；阿達禮，薩哈璘子，王孫也。順治元年正月朔，命上殿毋拜，著為例。二年春，至京師。五年十月，薨，年六十六。賜祭葬，立碑紀功。康熙十年，追謚。乾隆四十三年，配饗太廟。
代善子八，有爵者七：岳託、碩託、薩哈璘、瓦克達、瑪占、滿達海、祜塞。祜塞，初封鎮國公，追封惠順親王，而滿達海襲爵。
In the seventh month he followed Taizu in taking Tieling. In the eighth month Taizu attacked Yehe. Yehe had two cities: Jintaishi lived in the eastern one and Buyanggu in the western one. When the army arrived, Taizu attacked the eastern city and Daishan the western. When the eastern city fell, Buyanggu and his younger brother Bu'erhanggu asked for a covenant, and Daishan talked them into surrender. In the third month of the sixth year he followed Taizu in the attack on the Ming city of Shenyang, leading his son Yuetuo into battle, and they took a great many heads. With Manggu'ertai he also moved the people of Jinzhou to Fu Department. Edit
In the eighth month of the eleventh year Taizu died. Yuetuo and his younger brother Sahalin went to Daishan and asked him to support Taizong's succession to the throne. Daishan said, "That is my own mind!" He told the Beile and the plan was settled. Taizong declined again and again, but Daishan and the others pressed him ever more firmly, and he took the throne. That winter Daishan attacked the Zhalute tribe of the Mongol Ka'erka, captured the Beile Bake and others, beheaded E'erzhaitu, and came back with his people as captives. Edit
In the first year of Tiancong he followed Taizong in the siege of Jinzhou, held off the Ming relieving troops from the Shanhai Pass, pressed close to Ningyuan and broke the enemy, and the army returned because of the summer heat. In the third year he followed the campaign against the Ming, entered by Hongshankou, took Zunhua and pressed close to the Ming capital; the Ming Brigade General Man Gui and others came to the rescue, and he defeated them outside the Desheng Gate, took Liangxiang, and again broke Ming troops outside the Yongding Gate. He followed the emperor to view the lie of the land at Ji Department; five thousand Ming infantry arrived from the Shanhai Pass and met our army, and having no time to form a line, they camped behind a line of carts and shields with muskets and cannon; Daishan led the four banners of the left wing and broke them. In the first month of the fourth year the Ming Vice Minister Liu Zhilun brought troops to Zunhua and camped on a hill; Daishan surrounded the hill, broke his seven camps, and when Liu Zhilun fled into the hills, he was shot dead. In the eighth month of the fifth year Daishan followed the emperor in the siege of Dalinghe and took the watchtowers and forts outside the city. In the ninth month the Ming Brigade General Wu Xiang and the circuit intendant supervising the army, Zhang Chun, and others came from Jinzhou with forty thousand men to within fifteen li of Dalinghe. Daishan, following the emperor, attacked them with twenty thousand men. The Ming troops were in square formation, firing muskets and cannon; he led the cavalry in a charge, arrows falling like rain, and the Ming troops fell far back. Wu Xiang fled; Zhang Chun gathered the scattered troops and formed up again. Black clouds rose and the wind blew from the west; the Ming troops set fires to drive down on our army with the wind. Then heavy rain fell and the wind turned back, destroying their camp; very many of the Ming troops died, and our army followed up and captured Zhang Chun and others. Zhang Chun refused to bow when he saw the emperor; the emperor was going to put him to death, but Daishan remonstrated, and he was pardoned. Edit
Earlier, Taizu had ordered the four Heshuo Beile to take turns on duty managing the affairs of government, and whenever he held court the Heshuo Beile all sat in a row beside him. Now Li Bolong, Assistant Administrator of the Ministry of Rites, asked that an order of precedence be fixed for court assemblies. By then the Heshuo Beile Amin had already been found guilty, and Manggu'ertai too had been demoted for an offence to Duoluo Beile, and the Beile proposed that they should not sit in the row. Daishan said, "Why Manggu'ertai alone? The emperor occupies the supreme position, and I too should not sit level with him. From now on, I ask that the emperor sit facing south, that Manggu'ertai and I sit in attendance at the side, and the Beile below." Edit
In the fourth month of the sixth year he followed the emperor against the Chaha'er. They crossed the Xing'an Mountains and, hearing that Lindan Khan had fled far away, turned to attack Guihua, made for Datong and Xuanfu, went out beyond the frontier, negotiated peace with the garrison commanders of Shahe Fort, Desheng Fort, Zhangjiakou and other places, and returned. In the fifth month of the eighth year he followed the campaign against the Ming, went out by Yulinkou to beyond the frontier of Xuanfu, and divided his troops to take Desheng Fort from Kala'ebo; then he went from Shuo Department towards Mayi, joined the army at Datong, and returned. Edit
In the first year of Chongde he was made Elder Brother Prince Li of the First Rank. In the winter he followed the emperor against Korea. In the second year the officials charged that when the prince had conquered Korea, he had disobeyed orders by feeding captured grain to his horses and had chosen more guards than his quota allowed. The emperor said, "I have shown my elder brother Prince Li every respect and affection; why does he fail to understand my wishes like this?" He also said, "Though you princes serve me with the utmost courtesy, what pleasure is that to me? Only if you make yourselves upright and act justly in helping me will I commend and rely on you." In the eleventh month of the fourth year he followed the emperor hunting at Yehe; shooting at a river deer, his horse fell and he hurt his foot. The emperor dismounted to bind the wound, poured wine in a gold cup to comfort him, and wept, saying, "Because you are old, elder brother, you should not ride hard; why do you not take better care of yourself?" He ended the hunt and returned, ordered Daishan carried in a carriage at a slow pace, ten-odd li a day, and escorted him home. Edit
In the eighth year Taizong died and Shizu took the throne. The prince gathered the princes, Beile and ministers to deliberate, and it was decided that Ji'erhalang, Prince Zheng of the First Rank, and Duo'ergun, Prince Rui of the First Rank, should assist in the government. He also exposed the Beizi Shuotuo and Adali, Prince of the Second Rank, who had secretly plotted to set up Prince Rui; they were handed to the judicial offices and put to death. Shuotuo was the prince's second son, and Adali, the son of Sahalin, was his grandson. On the first day of the first month of the first year of Shunzhi he was excused from bowing when he came up into the hall, and this was made a fixed rule. In the spring of the second year he came to the capital. In the tenth month of the fifth year he died, aged sixty-six. He was given funeral rites and burial, and a stele was set up to record his merit. In the tenth year of Kangxi he was given a posthumous name. In the forty-third year of Qianlong he was given a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple. Edit
Daishan had eight sons, seven of whom held ranks: Yuetuo, Shuotuo, Sahalin, Wakeda, Mazhan, Mandahai and Husai. Husai was first made Duke Who Guards the State and posthumously Prince Huishun of the First Rank, while Mandahai inherited the rank. Edit
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Source: 清史稿 卷二百一十六 列传三 诸王二 (Draft History of Qing, juan 216, Biographies 3: Princes 2)
Wikipedia: Daišan · Chinese Wikipedia: 代善 · Baidu Baike: 代善 (an article of the same name, not checked to be him)
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From the historical record: the notes below say where · qing-zongshi-00160
Notes (2)
- [Source] 清史稿 卷一百六十二 表二 皇子世表二 Draft History of Qing, juan 162, Table 2: Genealogical Table of the Emperors' Sons 2
- [Collation note] 表云：「太祖第二子。以軍功賜號古英巴圖魯。天命元年，封貝勒。崇德元年，晉和碩兄禮親王。順治五年，薨。諡曰烈。乾隆四十三年，以佐命殊功，配享太廟。」 The table: “Second son of Taizu. For military merit, granted the title Guying Baturu. In Tianming 1 (1616), made Beile. In Chongde 1 (1636), promoted to Elder Brother Prince Li of the First Rank. In Shunzhi 5 (1648), died. Given the posthumous name Lie. In Qianlong 43 (1778), for his outstanding service at the founding of the dynasty, given a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.”