溥儀 Pǔyí
Biography
宣統皇帝名溥儀，宣宗之曾孫，醇賢親王奕譞之孫，監國攝政王載灃之子也，於德宗為本生弟子。母攝政王嫡福晉蘇完瓜爾佳氏。光緒三十二年春正月十四日，誕於醇邸。
光緒三十四年
三十四年冬十月壬申，德宗疾大漸，太皇太后命教養宮內。癸酉，德宗崩，奉太皇太后懿旨，入承大統，為嗣皇帝，嗣穆宗，兼承大行皇帝之祧，時年三歲。攝政王載灃奉太皇太后懿旨監國。軍國機務，中外章奏，悉取攝政王處分，稱詔行之，大事並請皇太后懿旨。詔行三年喪。甲戌，尊聖祖母慈禧端佑康頤昭豫莊誠壽恭欽獻崇熙皇太后為太皇太后，兼祧母后皇后為皇太后。先是，太皇太后並亦違豫。是日，崩。乙亥，申嚴門禁。丁酉，尊封文宗祺貴妃為祺皇貴太妃，穆宗瑜貴妃為瑜皇貴妃，珣貴妃為珣皇貴妃，晉妃為晉貴妃，大行皇帝瑾妃為瑾貴妃。戊寅，停各省進方物。己卯，誥誡群臣，詔曰：「軍國政事，由監國攝政王裁定，為大行太皇太后懿旨。自朕以下，一體服從。嗣后王公百官，儻有觀望玩違，或越禮犯分，變更典章，淆亂國是，定即治以國法，庶無負大行太皇太后委寄之重，而慰天下臣民之望。」庚辰，頒大行皇帝遺詔。安慶兵變，剿定之。
十一月乙酉，頒大行太皇太后遺誥。詔四時祭饗祝版，醇賢親王稱曰「本生祖考醇賢親王」，嫡福晉稱曰「本生祖妣醇賢親王嫡福晉」。賑湖南澧州等屬水災。戊子，皇太后懿旨，皇帝萬壽節，俟釋服後，改於每年正月十三日舉行慶賀禮。庚寅，以即位前期告祭天地、宗廟、社稷、先師孔子，告祭大行太皇太后、大行皇帝几筵。辛卯，帝即位於太和殿，以明年為宣統元年。頒詔天下，罪非常所不原者咸赦除之。詔遵大行太皇太后懿旨，仍定於第九年內，宣統八年頒布憲法，召集議員。鑄宣統錢。己亥，頒「中和位育」扁額於文廟。壬寅，內閣等衙門會奏監國攝政王禮節總目，詔宣布之。定守衛門禁章程，命貝勒載濤、毓朗、尚書鐵良總司稽察。以副都統昆源管理察哈爾牧群。定軍機處領班章京為從三品官，幫領班章京為從四品官。福建龍溪、南靖等縣水災，發帑銀四萬兩賑之。乙巳，詔各省督撫督率司道考察屬吏，秉公甄別。不肖守令罔恤民瘼者，重治之。立變通旗制處，命貝子溥倫、鎮國公載澤、那桐、寶熙、熙彥、達壽總其事。諭內外臣工尚節儉，戒浮華。丙午，遣官告祭孔子闕里、歷代帝王陵寢、五嶽、四瀆。戊申，皇太后懿旨，罷頤和園臨幸。加恩慶親王奕劻以親王世襲罔替，貝勒載洵、載濤加郡王銜，皇太后父公桂祥食雙俸，大學士以次，錫賚有差。辛亥，冬至，祀天於圜丘，莊親王載功代行禮，自是壇廟大祀皆攝。
The Xuantong Emperor, personally named Puyi, was a great-grandson of Xuanzong, a grandson of Yixuan, Prince Chunxian of the First Rank, and a son of Zaifeng, the Prince Regent, and was the natural nephew of Dezong, being the son of his younger brother. His mother was the Prince Regent's principal consort, of the Suwan Guaerjia clan. In the spring of the thirty-second year of Guangxu, on the fourteenth day of the first month, he was born in the residence of the Prince Chun. Edit
Thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908)
The thirty-fourth year, winter, tenth month, on renshen, Dezong's illness became grave, and the Grand Empress Dowager ordered that Puyi be raised and taught within the palace. On guiyou, Dezong died; by the decree of the Grand Empress Dowager, Puyi entered to inherit the great succession as heir emperor, succeeding Muzong and also carrying on the ancestral line of the late emperor; he was then three years old. The Prince Regent Zaifeng, by the Grand Empress Dowager's decree, oversaw the state. The affairs of the military and the state, and the memorials from inside and outside the court, were all brought to the Prince Regent for disposition and carried out under the name of an edict; great matters were also submitted for the decree of the Empress Dowager. An edict ordered three years of mourning. On jiaxu, the sacred grandmother, Empress Dowager Cixi Duanyou Kangyi Zhaoyu Zhuangcheng Shougong Qinxian Chongxi, was honored as Grand Empress Dowager, and the Empress who was the emperor's mother through the joint succession was honored as Empress Dowager. Before this, the Grand Empress Dowager had also been unwell. On this day, she died. On yihai, the prohibitions on the gates were enforced strictly once more. On dingyou, Wenzong's Noble Consort Qi was honored as Imperial Noble Dowager Consort Qi, Muzong's Noble Consort Yu as Imperial Noble Consort Yu, Noble Consort Xun as Imperial Noble Consort Xun, Consort Jin as Noble Consort Jin, and the late emperor's Consort Jin as Noble Consort Jin. On wuyin, the provinces were ordered to stop presenting local products. On jimao, an admonition was issued to the assembled officials, with an edict saying: "The affairs of the military and the state are decided by the Prince Regent, and are the decrees of the late Grand Empress Dowager. From Us downward, all shall obey alike. From now on, if any prince, duke or official among the hundred waits and watches or treats this lightly and disobeys, or oversteps ritual and exceeds his station, alters the statutes or confuses the state policy, he will certainly be dealt with by the laws of the state, so that we may not fail the weight of what the late Grand Empress Dowager entrusted and may comfort the hopes of the officials and people of the empire." On gengchen, the late emperor's testamentary edict was promulgated. A mutiny of troops at Anqing was suppressed and settled. Edit
Eleventh month, on yiyou, the late Grand Empress Dowager's valedictory edict was promulgated. An edict ordered that in the prayer boards for the sacrifices of the four seasons, Prince Chunxian be called "Natural Grandfather, Prince Chunxian," and his principal consort be called "Natural Grandmother, Principal Consort of Prince Chunxian." Relief was given for floods in Lizhou and other districts of Hunan. On wuzi, the Empress Dowager's decree ordered that the emperor's birthday, after the mourning dress was removed, be changed so that the celebratory ceremony would be held every year on the thirteenth day of the first month. On gengyin, as the preliminary to the accession, announcement sacrifices were made to Heaven and Earth, the ancestral temple, the altars of state and the First Teacher Confucius, and announcements were made at the spirit seats of the late Grand Empress Dowager and the late emperor. On xinmao, the emperor ascended the throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the next year was made the first year of Xuantong. An edict was proclaimed to the empire, pardoning all offenses that were not among those never forgiven in ordinary amnesties. An edict said that, in accordance with the late Grand Empress Dowager's decree, it was still fixed that within the ninth year, in the eighth year of Xuantong, the constitution would be promulgated and the assemblymen convened. Xuantong coins were cast. On jihai, a plaque reading Zhonghe Weiyu was issued to the Confucian temple. On renyin, the Cabinet and other offices jointly memorialized the general table of ceremonial for the Prince Regent, and an edict ordered it announced. Regulations for guarding the gates were fixed, and the Beile Zaitao and Yulang and the Minister Tieliang were ordered to take overall charge of inspection. The Deputy Lieutenant-General Kunyuan was ordered to manage the herds of Chahar. The head clerk of the Grand Council was fixed at the lower third rank, and the assistant head clerk at the lower fourth rank. Floods struck Longxi, Nanjing and other counties in Fujian, and 40,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief. On yisi, an edict ordered the governors-general and governors of the provinces to lead the provincial commissioners and circuit intendants in examining their subordinate officials and discriminating impartially. Unworthy prefects and magistrates who did not take pity on the people's suffering were to be punished severely. An Office for Adapting the Banner System was established, and the Beizi Pulun, the Duke Who Guards the State Zaize, Natong, Baoxi, Xiyan and Dashou were ordered to direct its business. An edict instructed officials inside and outside the court to value thrift and warn against extravagance. On bingwu, officials were sent to make announcement sacrifices to Confucius at Queli, at the tombs of the emperors of successive dynasties, to the Five Peaks and to the Four Rivers. On wushen, the Empress Dowager's decree stopped visits to the Summer Palace. Favor was shown to Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, by making his rank of prince hereditary without reduction; the Beile Zaixun and Zaitao were given the rank of a Prince of the Second Rank; Guixiang, Duke, father of the Empress Dowager, was granted the double stipend; and from the Grand Secretaries downward, rewards were given in different degrees. On xinhai, the winter solstice, the emperor sacrificed to Heaven at the Round Mound, with Zaigong, Prince Zhuang of the First Rank, performing the rites in his stead; from then on all the great sacrifices at the altars and temples were performed by deputy. Edit
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十二月壬子朔，加上穆宗毅皇帝、孝靜成皇后、孝德顯皇后、孝貞顯皇后、孝哲毅皇后尊謚。頒宣統元年時憲書。甲寅，立禁衛軍，命貝勒載濤、毓朗、尚書鐵良專司訓練。裁湖南鎮溪營遊擊、乾州協守備，減留乾州協各營兵。旌殉節故直隸提督馬玉昆妾於氏。賑黑龍江、墨爾根、布特哈、黑水、大賚等城廳水災。免直隸河間等八州縣被災地畝糧租。丁巳，祈雪。命張之洞兼督辦川漢鐵路大臣。庚申，致仕大學士王文韶卒，贈太保。追予故云貴總督張亮基謚。民政部上調查戶口章程表式。壬戌，袁世凱罷，命大學士那桐為軍機大臣。癸亥，以梁敦彥為外務部尚書兼會辦大臣。那桐免步軍統領，以毓朗代之。乙丑，詔定西陵金龍峪為德宗景皇帝山陵，稱曰崇陵。丁卯，復祈雪。己巳，度支部上清理財政章程。壬申，命張勛所部淮軍仍駐東三省，辦理剿撫事宜。癸酉，義大利地震災，出帑銀五萬兩助賑。憲政編查館奏，京旗初選、復選事宜，應歸順天府辦理。乙亥，諭各省清蠲緩錢糧積弊。丁丑，復祈雪。是日，雪。免陜西各州縣光緒三十二年逋賦。戊寅，又雪。憲政編查館上核覆城鄉地方自治，並另擬選舉章程，詔頒行之。始制寶星，賜外務部總理、會辦大臣及出使各國大臣。庚辰，設奉天各級審判廳、檢察廳。辛巳，裁江西督糧道，設巡警、勸業兩道。
宣統元年
宣統元年己酉春正月壬午朔，以大行在殯，不受朝賀。癸未，免江蘇長洲等二十八廳州縣荒廢田地，暨昭文、金壇、丹徒、昆山、新陽、靖江、溧陽等七縣漕屯銀米。戊子，置呼倫貝爾沿邊卡倫。庚寅，欽差大臣東三省總督徐世昌以病請免，不許。辛卯，皇太后聖壽節，停筵宴，不受賀。甲午，免雲南阿迷州被災逋賦。乙未，度支部奏改定幣制，請仍飭會議。下政務處覆議。開廣西富川縣錫礦。丁酉，禁置買奴婢。戊戌，以近年新設衙門，新建省分，調用人員，請加經費，不能綜覈名實，命中外切實考覈裁汰，毋漫無限制。美利堅國開萬國禁煙會議於江蘇上海，端方蒞會。乙亥，陳璧被劾罷，以徐世昌為郵傳部尚書。調錫良為欽差大臣、東三省總督，兼管三省將軍事。以李經羲為雲貴總督。壬寅，命雲南交涉使高而謙赴澳門勘界。民政部上整頓京師內外警政酌改廳區章程。癸卯，上大行太皇太后尊謚，翼日頒詔天下。戊申，詔籌備立憲事宜，本年各省應行各節，依限成立，不得延誤。諭核定新刑律，來年頒行。復已革廣西提督蘇元春原官。罷福建廈門貢燕。己酉，上大行皇帝尊謚廟號，翼日頒詔天下。庚戌，重整海軍，命肅親王善耆、鎮國公載澤、尚書鐵良、提督薩鎮冰籌畫，慶親王奕劻總司稽查。罷鐵良專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。
二月壬子，修德宗實錄。癸丑，諭京、外問刑衙門清訟獄，釐剔弊端。戊午，農工商部奏，和蘭將訂新律，收華僑入籍，請定國籍法。下修訂法律大臣會外務部議。庚申，免浙江仁和等場竈課錢糧。乙丑，宣示實行預備立憲宗旨，詔曰：「國是已定，期在必成。內外大小臣工，皆當共體此意，翊贊新猷。言責諸臣，亦應於一切新政得失利病，剴切敷陳。」丁卯，命熙彥、喬樹枬、劉廷琛、吳士鑒、周自齊、勞乃宣、趙炳麟、譚學衡與榮慶、陸潤庠、張英麟、唐景崇、寶熙、朱益藩分日進講。講義令孫家鼐、張之洞核定。庚午，憲政編查館上統計表式。甲戌，申鴉片煙禁。丙子，免雲南宣威州被災村莊銀米。
閏二月甲申，詔嚴預備立憲責成，戒部臣、疆臣因循敷衍，放棄責任。以服制倫紀攸關，詔自今內外遭父母喪者，滿、漢皆離任聽終制。命前內閣學士陳寶琛總理禮學館。免浙江仁和等三十二州縣並杭、嚴二衛，杭、衢、嚴三所荒廢田地山塘丁漕銀米。丙戌，軍機大臣、大學士那桐丁母憂，詔奪情，百日孝滿改署任，仍入直。戊子，置庫倫理刑司員。免廣東新礦井口稅。予死事安徽炮營管帶官陳昌鏞優恤。辛卯，監國攝政王班見王公百官於文華殿。增設海參崴總領事。頒行度支部印花票稅。置直省財政監理官。丙申，裁湖北黃州、荊門、鄖陽、宜昌、施南、德安副將、參將、遊擊、都司、中軍守備各官。出使大臣伍廷芳與美國訂立公斷專約成。丁酉，修崇陵。戊戌，立法政貴胄學堂，命貝勒毓朗總理。乙巳，旌賞年逾百歲甘肅固原州回民李生潮，賜御書匾額。己酉，以大行在殯，止年班內外劄薩克蒙古汗、王、貝勒、貝子、公、臺吉、塔布囊等，及呼圖克圖喇嘛，西藏堪布，察木多帕克巴拉，回子伯克，土司、土舍，廓爾喀等毋來京。
三月辛亥，增設浙江巡警道、勸業道。甲寅，復前河南巡撫李鶴年原官。庚申，皇太后懿旨，度支部每歲交進年節另款銀二十八萬兩，自今停進。辛酉，奉移德宗景皇帝梓宮於西陵梁格莊行宮。甲子，以輪船招商局歸郵傳部管轄。乙丑，復裁奉天巡警道。增設洮昌等處兵備道，臨長海等處分巡兵備道。改奉錦山海關道為錦新等處兵備道兼山海關監督，東邊道為興鳳等處兵備道。升興京廳為興京府。丙寅，免梓宮經過宛平、良鄉、涿州、房山、淶水五州縣本年額賦十分之五，易州十分之七，並賞民間平毀麥田銀每畝一錢。己巳，詔復前戶部尚書立山、兵部尚書徐用儀、吏部左侍郎許景澄、內閣學士聯元、太常寺卿袁昶原官，並賜謚。命陸軍協都統吳祿貞督辦吉林邊務。裁山西雁平道。辛未，以前外務部左參議楊樞充出使比國大臣。亞東、江孜、噶大克開埠設關。丙子，增置奉天輝南直隸廳。戊寅，四川總督趙爾巽、駐藏大臣趙爾豐助款興學，下部優敘。趙爾巽捐廉贍族，賞御書「誼篤宗親」匾額。
夏四月庚辰，以各國遣使來吊，命貝子銜鎮國將軍載振使日本，法部尚書戴鴻慈使俄羅斯報謝，他國命駐使將事。甲申，度支部立幣制調查局，鑄通行銀幣。乙酉，普免光緒十四年訖光緒三十三年直省逋賦。癸巳，裁吉林琿春、三姓、寧古塔、伯都訥、阿勒楚喀各城副都統。置琿春兵備道，三姓兵備道。升改增置綏芬、延吉、五常、雙城、賓州、臨江諸府，伊通直隸州，榆樹直隸廳，寶清、綏遠二州，琿春、濱江、東寧三廳，富錦、穆棱、和龍、樺川、臨湖、汪清、額穆諸縣。尋復設舒蘭、阿城、勃利、饒河四縣。甲午，命內閣、部院、翰林、科道會議德宗升祔大禮。乙未，祈雨。丙申，甘肅蘭州、涼州、鞏昌、碾伯、會寧各屬災，發帑銀六萬兩賑之。壬寅，裁奉天左右參贊，承宣、諮議兩廳。甲辰，復祈雨。戊申，諭禁煙大臣切實考驗，毋許瞻徇敷衍。外省文武職官學堂，責成督、撫、將軍、都統等嚴查禁。
五月己酉朔，日有食之。辛亥，廷試遊學畢業生進士黃德章等一百二十人，授官有差。壬子，於式枚言，各省諮議局章程與普魯士國地方議會制度不符。下憲政編查館妥議。癸丑，陳啟泰卒，以瑞澂為江蘇巡撫。允浙江紳士為故兵部尚書徐用儀、吏部右侍郎許景澄、太常寺卿袁昶於浙江西湖立祠。甲寅，復祈雨。陜甘總督升允以疏陳立憲利弊罷，以長庚代之。乙卯，命廣福署伊犁將軍。丁巳，聯豫、溫宗堯奏陳西藏籌辦練兵興學事宜。己未，命世續署外務部會辦大臣。楊士驤卒，以端方為直隸總督兼辦理通商事務大臣，張人駿為兩江總督兼辦理通商事務大臣，孫寶琦署山東巡撫。辛酉，以乍丫地方曩屬四川，命畫歸邊務大臣管轄。甲子，諭農工商部趣各省興舉農林工藝各政。乙丑，復祈雨。是日雨。戊辰，復前協辦大學士、戶部尚書翁同龢原官。己巳，唐紹儀免奉天巡撫，以侍郎候補。辛未，立遊美學務處。癸酉，河南省改編營制。甲戌，賑雲南南寧州地震災。丙子，詔立軍諮處，以貝勒毓朗領之。攝政王代為統率陸海軍大元帥，貝勒載洵、提督薩鎮冰俱充籌辦海軍大臣。賑湖南澧州水災。丁丑，命貝勒載濤管理軍諮處事務。
六月甲申，慶親王奕劻免管理陸軍部事。賑湖北漢陽等府水災。乙酉，伊犁始編練陸軍。丙戌，授程德全奉天巡撫，陳昭常吉林巡撫，周樹模黑龍江巡撫。丁亥，開甘肅臯蘭縣、新城、西固城渠，以工代賑。己丑，賑雲南彌勒縣習洱等處地震災。免雲南太和縣屬上年被災田糧。庚寅，復已故降調兩廣總督毛鴻賓原官。追予禦賊殉難已故江蘇常州府通判嶽昌於常州府建祠。賑奉天安東水災。甲午，呂海寰罷，以徐世昌充督辦津浦鐵路大臣，沈雲沛副之。更奉天錦新道名錦新營口等處分巡兵備道。乙未，吉林大水，發帑銀六萬兩賑之。賑湖南澧州、安鄉、常德、岳州等廳州縣水災。丁酉，湖北荊州、漢陽兩府潦，發帑銀六萬兩，並命籌銀二十萬兩急賑之。辛丑，除熱河新軍營房占用圈地額租。壬寅，賑浙江錢塘等十一縣水災。癸卯，罷張勛東三省行營翼長，命赴甘肅提督任。甲辰，命伍廷芳、錢恂俱來京，以署外務部右丞張蔭棠為出使美墨秘古四國大臣，署外務部右參議吳宗濂為出使義國大臣。趙爾巽奏平四川寧遠淺水倮夷。乙巳，賞京師貧民棉衣銀，後以為常。丙午，命李準為廣東水師提督。
秋七月戊申朔，裁湖南常德、寶慶、永順、岳州、澧州、臨武、桂陽、宣奉、永州、武岡、沅州、綏靖、辰州、嶺東各協、營，暨撫標、提標副將、參將、遊擊、都司、守備等官。癸丑，浚遼河。丙辰，籌辦海軍大臣上擬訂海軍長官旗式章服圖說，管理軍諮處上酌擬軍諮處暫行章程。賑江西萍鄉等縣水災。丁巳，停秋決。法部上補訂高等各級審判廳試辦章程及擬定外省審判廳編制大綱。開四川重慶江北廳龍王洞煤鐵礦。戊午，免雲南魯甸、鎮雄二廳被災田畝銀米。甲申，南洋籌設勸業會，命南洋大臣、兩江總督張人駿為會長，各省籌辦協會，出品免稅釐。辛酉，德宗景皇帝梓宮奉移山陵，免所過各州縣旗租，並賞籽種銀。甲子，裁河南糧鹽道，增置巡警、勸業二道。戊辰，諭直省整飭積穀。恤以死建言頤和園八品苑副永麟。庚午，增設南洋各島領事。壬申，學部立圖書館於京師。洪江會匪姚芢山伏誅。丙子，湖北平糶。
八月丁丑朔，考察憲政大臣李家駒進日本司法制度考等書。辛巳，開黑龍江墨爾根嫩江甘河煤礦。甲申，改吉林濱江道為西北路道，西路道為西南路道，並前設之東北路道、東南路道俱名分巡兵備道。乙酉，賑福建福州風災，熱河開魯、平泉兩州縣水災。丙戌，藏番不靖，趙爾豐剿定之。命候補內閣學士李家駒協理資政院事。戊子，京張鐵路工成。除浙江鎮海縣開浚河道挖廢民竈田地銀米。己丑，開湖南平江金礦，新化銻礦，常寧鉛礦。庚寅，予救父捐軀湖北黃陂縣舉人陳鴻偉孝行，宣付史館。丁酉，大學士孫家鼐、張之洞並以病乞休。詔慰留之。戊戌，農工商部奏試行勸業富簽公債票。己亥，大學士張之洞卒，贈太保，入祀賢良祠。命戴鴻慈在軍機大臣上學習行走。以廷傑為法部尚書，葛寶華為禮部尚書。庚子，調誠勛為熱河都統，以溥良為察哈爾都統。癸卯，京師開廠煮粥濟貧民，發粟二千五百石有奇，已改設教養局、習藝所者仍給之，歲以為常。乙巳，修訂法律大臣進編訂現行刑律，下憲政編查館核議。丙午，詔以九月初一日為各省召集議員開議之期，特申誥誡。諭曰：「諮議局議員於地方利弊當切實指陳，妥善計畫。勿挾私心以妨公益，勿逞意氣以紊成規，勿見事太易而議論稍涉囂張，勿權限不明而定法或滋侵越。各督撫亦當虛心采納，裁度施行，以期上下一心，漸臻上理。至開局以後，各督撫尤應遵照定章，實行監督，務使議決事件不稍逾越權限，違背法律。共攄忠愛，以圖富強，朕實有厚望焉。」是月，載洵、薩鎮冰出洋考查海軍。
九月丁未朔，始制爵章頒賜。辛亥，和蘭保和會條約成，分別批準畫押。癸丑，命趙爾巽兼署成都將軍。乙卯，內閣會奏德宗升祔大禮。詔穆宗毅皇帝、德宗景皇帝同為百世不祧之廟，宜以昭穆分左右，不以昭穆分尊卑。定德宗升祔太廟中殿，供奉西又次楹又五室穆位。前殿於文宗顯皇帝之次，恭設坐西東向穆位。奉先殿準此。永為定制。丁巳，賞陸軍貴胄學堂畢業學生子爵成全等侍衛，及進敘有差。己未，資政院上選舉章程。壬戌，德人遊歷雲南，為怒夷所害，捕誅之。甲子，豫河安瀾。賑廣東省城及南海各縣水災。乙丑，錫林果勒盟阿巴嘎、阿巴哈那爾、浩齊特、烏珠穆沁災，發帑銀三萬兩賑之。賑雲南鎮雄等州縣水災。丙寅，黃河安瀾。授鹿傳霖體仁閣大學士，吏部尚書陸潤庠協辦大學士。賞遊學畢業生項驤等舉人。辛未，升翰林院侍講學士為正四品，侍讀、侍講從四品，撰文秘書郎、修撰正五品，編修、檢討從五品。頒爪哇僑民捐立學堂扁額。癸酉，南河安瀾。是月，韓人安重根戕日本前朝鮮統監伊藤博文於哈爾濱。
冬十月丁丑朔，四川西昌、會理交界二板房夷匪為亂，官軍剿平之。成都將軍馬亮卒。庚辰，葬孝欽顯皇后於菩陀峪定東陵，免梓宮經過州縣地方額賦，並賞平毀麥田籽種銀。乙酉，孝欽顯皇后神牌祔太廟，翼日頒詔天下。丙戌，定成都將軍勿庸統轄松潘、建昌。以玉昆為成都將軍。丁亥，直隸總督端方坐違制奪職。調陳夔龍為直隸總督，兼辦理通商事務大臣，瑞澂署湖廣總督，寶棻為江蘇巡撫。以孫寶琦為山東巡撫，丁寶銓為山西巡撫。己丑，詔第一、二屆籌辦憲政事宜，內外諸臣應竭誠負責，並命憲政編查館稽核所奏成績，有因循敷衍、措置遲逾者，甄劾以聞。庚寅，憲政編查館上釐定各省提法使官制章程。開庫倫哈拉格囊圍金礦。延祉以疾免，命三多署庫倫辦事大臣。辛卯，江蘇溧陽、金壇、荊溪、宜興、丹徒、丹陽、震澤等縣災，發帑銀三萬兩賑之。癸巳，民政部奏，援案請賞米石，核定各廠院實需數目，收養貧民，詔行之。賑雲南大姚、文山等縣水災。甲午，大學士孫家鼐卒，贈太傅，入祀賢良祠，賞銀治喪。詔以已故五品卿銜山西即用知縣汪宗沂經學卓越，宣付史館。賞食餉閑散宗室、覺羅人等一月錢糧，暨孤寡半月錢糧，八旗、綠、步各營官兵半月錢糧，歲以為常。丁酉，免雲南元江州屬被水田畝銀米。庚子，東明黃河安瀾。癸卯，除廣東緝匪花紅，自今文武官有再收花紅者以贓論。復前禮部尚書李端棻原官。甲辰，停今年吉林珠貢。乙巳，順天紳士請為已故戶部尚書立山、內閣學士聯元立祠，許之。
十一月戊申，免直隸武清等十一廳縣額賦旗租，開州、東明、長垣等三州縣額賦。己酉，上兼祧母后皇太后徽號曰隆裕皇太后，翼日頒詔天下。癸丑，民政部上府廳州縣自治選舉章程。癸亥，復前福建巡撫張兆棟原官。設黑龍江璦琿沿邊卡倫二十，自額爾古訥河訖於遜河口。乙丑，置督辦鹽政大臣，以載澤為之，產鹽省分督撫為會辦鹽政大臣，行鹽省分督撫俱兼銜。丙寅，授陸潤庠體仁閣大學士，戴鴻慈以尚書協辦大學士。辛未，以貝勒毓朗為步軍統領。癸酉，都察院上互選規則。乙亥，學部上女學服色章程。予絕學專家已故候選同知直隸州知州華蘅芳，與其弟故直隸州州判世芳，及已故二品封職徐壽俱宣付史館。
十二月己卯，詔求直言。辛巳，增置奉天安圖、撫松二縣。壬午，賞遊學專門詹天佑等工科、文科、法科進士，工科、格致科舉人。癸未，免山東青城等八十九州縣及衛所鹽場本年錢糧。乙酉，德宗景皇帝神牌升祔奉先殿。賞一產三男河南柘城縣民婦張劉氏、通許縣民婦田厲氏米布。賑廣東佛山等十三廳縣災。丙戌，定太醫院院使為四品。戊子，錄咸豐、同治年間戡定發、撚、回諸匪功臣後，敘官有差。除琿春軍隊營房占用旗戶地畝租。庚寅，趙爾豐奏四川德格土司多格生吉納土，改設流官，賞土舍都司世襲。壬辰，慶親王奕劻免管理陸軍貴胄學堂，以貝勒載潤代之。癸巳，增置熱河隆化縣。乙未，憲政編查館上禁煙條例，頒行之。復故前湖南巡撫陳寶箴原官。丙申，憲政編查館上禁買賣人口條款。戊戌，法部上法官懲戒章程。己亥，憲政編查館上京師地方自治選舉章程。庚子，升太醫院左右院判為五品。壬寅，憲政編查館上府廳州縣地方自治章程，並府廳州縣議事會議員選舉章程。癸卯，憲政編查館上法院編制法，並法官考試任用、司法區城分劃、及初級暨地方審判廳管轄案件各暫行章程。
宣統二年-
二年庚戌春正月丙午朔，不受朝賀。己酉，廣州新軍作亂，練軍討平之。辛亥，詔以人心浮動，黨會繁多，混入軍營，句引煽惑，命軍諮處、陸軍部、南北洋大臣新舊諸軍嚴密稽查，軍人尤重服從長官命令，如有聚眾開會演說，並嚴查禁。移吉林大通縣駐松花江南岸，更名方正縣。乙卯，廣東革命黨王占魁等伏誅。丁巳，達賴喇嘛患川兵至，出奔。諭聯豫等仍遣員迎護回藏。辛酉，詔奪阿旺羅布藏吐布丹甲錯濟寨汪曲卻勒朗結達賴喇嘛名號。鹽政處上督辦鹽政試行章程。癸亥，協辦大學士戴鴻慈卒，贈太子少保銜，賞銀治喪。呂海寰等上中國紅十字會章程，命盛宣懷充會長。監察御史江春霖以論慶親王奕劻誤國，斥回原衙門。命郵傳部尚書徐世昌協辦大學士，內閣學士吳郁生在軍機大臣上學習行走。甲子，管理軍諮處貝勒戴濤請赴日本、美、英、法、德、義、奧、俄八國考察陸軍。辛未，英國舉行萬國刑律改良會，法部奏遣檢察廳長徐謙往與會。甲戌，詔：「預備立憲，宜化除成見，悉泯異同。自今滿、漢文武諸臣陳奏事件，一律稱臣，以昭畫一而示大同。」
二月乙亥朔，聯豫請以新噶勒丹池巴羅布藏丹巴代理前藏事務。丙子，禁洋商湖南購運米石。辛巳，鐵良以疾免，以蔭昌為陸軍部尚書，梁敦彥為稅務處會辦大臣。免浙江仁和、海沙、鮑郎、蘆瀝四場暨江蘇橫浦、浦東二場荒蕪竈蕩宣統元年逋課。壬午，免陜西榆林等四州縣舊欠，榆林府倉糧米草束。乙酉，以內閣侍讀學士梁誠為出使德國大臣。丁亥，民政部上修正報律，下憲政編查館核奏。己丑，復發帑銀三萬兩賑安徽災。壬辰，免吉林五常廳、樺甸縣宣統元年逋賦。甲午，聯豫奏拉裏僧俗暨工布番兵投誠歸化。丙申，葛寶華卒，調榮慶為禮部尚書，以唐景崇為學部尚書。己亥，予故湖北提督夏毓秀優恤。癸卯，憲政編查館上行政綱目。籌辦海軍大臣奏各司名目職掌。
三月乙巳朔，王士珍以疾免，命雷震春署江北提督。己酉，雲南威寧邪匪襲昭城，官軍剿滅之，匪首李老麽伏誅。辛亥，湖南民饑倡變，諭擒首要，散脅從。壬子，湖南巡撫岑春蓂罷，命楊文鼎暫代之。遣楊士琦赴南洋充勸業會審查總長。丁巳，祈雨。庚申，雨。追復故海軍提督丁汝昌原官。廢秋審覆審舊制。諭沿江各省督撫平糶。河南巡撫吳重熹免，以寶棻代之。調程德全為江蘇巡撫。壬戌，予遺愛在民故太常寺卿袁昶安徽蕪湖縣建祠。癸亥，裁奉天巡撫。授廣福伊犁將軍。甲子，革命黨人汪兆銘、黃復生、羅世勛謀以藥彈轟擊攝政王，事覺，捕下法部獄。庚午，旌殉夫烈婦山東曲阜孔令保妻潘氏，宣付史館。
夏四月甲戌朔，詔資政院於本年九月一日開院，欽選宗室王、公世爵、宗室、覺羅各部院官暨碩學通儒議員八十八人，前期召集。丙子，裁福建督糧道，增設巡警道、勸業道。丁丑，命載濤充專使大臣，往英國吊祭。戊寅，賞遊學畢業生吳匡時等七人工科進士、法政科舉人有差。庚辰，憲政編查館修訂法律大臣進現行刑律，命頒行之。詔曰：「此項刑律，為改用新律之預備。內外問刑衙門，當悉心講求，依法聽斷。毋任意出入，致枉縱。」癸未，詔：「各省增設巡警、勸業兩道，原期保衛治安，振興實業。督撫於已補人員悉心考覈，如不能勝任，或於缺不宜，即奏明另補，毋回護瞻徇。」乙酉，聯豫請西藏曲水、哈拉烏蘇、江達、山南、碩般多及三十九族地方各設委員一人，並停藏番造槍、造幣兩廠。前出使義大利大臣錢恂進和會條約譯詮。丁亥，以江北鹽梟、會匪出沒靡常，諭雷震春剿撫之。己丑，度支部上幣制兌換則例。詔：「國幣單位，定名曰圓。暫就銀為本位，以一圓為主幣，重庫平七錢二分。另以五角、二角五分、一角三種銀幣，及五分鎳幣，二分、一分、五釐、一釐四種銅幣為輔幣。圓、角、分、釐，各以十進，著為定制。」以聯芳為荊州將軍。庚寅，定續選納稅多額十人為議員。辛卯，命郵傳部侍郎汪大燮充出使日本大臣。癸巳，梁敦彥以疾免，以鄒嘉來署外務部尚書兼會辦大臣。除湖北石首縣文義洲地方租課、蘆課。丙申，湖南巡撫岑春蓂褫職。
五月丙辰，升四川寧遠阿拉所巡檢為鹽邊廳撫夷通判。戊午，湖南常德府水潦災，發帑銀二萬兩賑之。李經羲奏雲南永昌府屬鎮康土州改流官，增置永康州。免雲南陸涼州被旱銀糧。辛酉，賑江北海州等處水災。癸亥，都察院代遞諮議局議員孫洪伊等並直省旗籍代表等呈請速開國會。詔仍俟九年籌備完全，再行降旨定期召集議員，宣諭之。甲子，免湖南苗疆佃民欠租，湖南鳳凰、乾州、永綏、保靖、瀘溪、麻陽、古丈坪七廳縣積欠屯租穀石。己巳，賑湖北災。辛未，裁奉天同江廳河防同知。
六月壬午，黑龍江災，發帑銀二萬兩賑之。乙酉，汪大燮進考查英國憲政編輯各書。己丑，命籌辦海軍事務大臣貝勒載洵充參預政務大臣。壬辰，命外務部侍郎胡惟德充稅務處幫辦大臣。丙申，詔：「各省督撫勞於行政，亟於籌款，而恒疏於察吏。不知吏治不修，則勞民傷財，亂端且從此起，新政何由而行？其各慎選牧令，為地擇人，斯為綏靖地方至計。」戊戌，詔各部院、各督撫嚴劾貪官汙吏，並諭貴戚及中外大臣敦品勵行，整躬率屬。己亥，命載澤、壽勛會阿穆爾靈圭、載潤查辦前鋒營暨內務府三旗護軍營，釐定章程以聞。是月，山東萊陽紳民相仇，匪首曲思文聚眾萬餘，圍攻城邑，劫殺官兵，海陽亦因徵收錢糧激變，旋並平定之。
秋七月甲辰，裁福建督糧道，置勸業道。瑞興免，以誌銳為杭州將軍。乙巳，瑞澂、楊文鼎奏湘省匪勢蔓延，擬行清鄉法，從之。戊申，詔農工商部會同各督撫等調查礦產，熟籌開辦。庚戌，詔趣各督撫查造官民荒田及氣候土宜圖冊，並興舉工藝實業，報農工商部奏聞。壬子，農工商部立度量權衡用器制造廠。癸丑，貝勒載濤奏考察各國軍政，軍人犯罪，統歸軍法會議處審斷，非普通裁判所得與聞。諭照行之。甲寅，世續、吳郁生免軍機大臣，以毓朗、徐世昌為軍機大臣。命唐紹儀署郵傳部尚書。毓朗免步軍統領並專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。命烏珍兼署步軍統領。設各省交涉使。新疆陸軍營官田熙年以擅殺釀變伏誅。丙辰，安徽皖南、南陵、宿州、靈壁等屬潦災，發帑銀四萬兩賑之。丁巳，法部上秋審條款。庚申，前江西提學使浙路總理湯壽潛，以劾盛宣懷為蘇浙路罪魁禍首，奪職。辛酉，賑皖北饑民。以忠瑞為科布多辦事大臣。聯魁免新疆巡撫，以何彥升代之。改各省按察使為提法使。甲子，大學士鹿傳霖卒，贈太保，入祀賢良祠，賞銀治喪。乙丑，命外務部參議上行走沈瑞麟充出使奧國大臣，外務部右丞劉玉麟充和蘭萬國禁煙大會全權委員。戊辰，奉天開葫蘆島港。己巳，置黑龍江訥河直隸廳同知。是月，載洵、薩鎮冰復往美利堅、日本兩國考察海軍。
八月甲戌，置奉天鎮東縣。乙亥，清銳免，以鐵良為江寧將軍。癸未，命沈家本充資政院副總裁。甲申，以外務部右丞劉玉麟充出使英國大臣。丁亥，理藩部奏變通禁止出邊開墾地畝、民人聘娶蒙古婦女、內外蒙古不準延用內地書吏教讀、公牘不得擅用漢文，蒙古人不得用漢字命名等舊例，許之。增置四川昭覺縣。己丑，聯芳免，以鳳山為荊州將軍。命蔭昌兼訓練近畿各鎮大臣。甲子，命近畿陸軍各鎮俱歸陸軍部管轄。裁近畿督練公所。增置奉天鹽運使。改四川鹽茶道為鹽運使，茶務歸勸業道管理。乙未，以奏報禁種煙苗粉飾，下吉林、黑龍江、河南、山西、福建、廣西、雲南、新疆諸省督撫部議，申諭各省嚴切查禁。丙午，授徐世昌為體仁閣大學士，以吏部尚書李殿林協辦大學士。丁酉，以廓爾喀額爾德尼王畢熱提畢畢噶爾瑪生寫熱曾噶扒噶都熱薩哈拒西藏求援兵，詔嘉獎之。庚子，賑陜西華、渭南兩州縣潦災。
九月辛丑朔，資政院舉行開院禮，監國攝政王蒞會頒訓辭。壬寅，賞遊學畢業生吳乃琛等四百五十九人文、醫、格致、農、工、商、法政進士、舉人有差。癸卯，免甘肅河、金、渭源、伏羌、安定、會寧、寧靈、循化、秦九廳州縣上年被災地畝錢糧草束。丙午，江北徐州等屬雨潦災，命度支部發帑賑之。乙巳，署綏遠城將軍、督辦墾務大臣信勤以疾免，調堃岫代之。以奎芳為烏裏雅蘇臺將軍。戊申，命度支部再發帑銀二萬兩賑皖北災。壬子，張人駿以上海市情危急，請借洋款酌劑，並輸運庫帑銀五十萬兩，許之。癸丑，永定河安瀾。賑四川綿竹等廳縣水災。甲寅，裁海龍圍場總管。丙辰，詔直省舉賢良方正，從嚴甄取。己未，予積貲興學山東堂邑義丐武訓事實宣付史館。裁湖南常德府同知、寶慶府長安營同知。癸亥，諭綏遠城墾務緊要，沿邊道廳以下官，凡關墾務者，均聽墾務大臣節制。丙寅，楊樞以疾免，命農工商部右丞李國傑充出使比國大臣。賑黑龍江水災。丁卯，袁樹勛以疾免，命張鳴岐署兩廣總督。以沈秉堃為雲南巡撫。戊辰，裁貴州副將、遊擊、都司、守備等官。免新疆迪化等十一廳縣民欠錢糧、籽種。
十月癸酉，詔改於宣統五年開國會，以直省督撫多以為言，復據順天直隸各省諮議局人民代表請原速開國會，故有是命。甲戌，命溥倫、載澤充纂擬憲法大臣。乙亥，黃河安瀾。丁丑，廣西岑溪匪亂，官軍剿定之，匪首陳榮安伏誅。程文炳卒，以程允和為長江水師提督，命甘肅提督張勛接統江南浦口各營。免甘肅靈州水災銀米。庚辰，增韞奏浙江裁綠營改編水師。辛巳，詔以縮改宣統五年開設議院，責成各主管衙門切實籌備，民政、度支、法、學諸部俱有應負責任，提前通盤籌畫，分別最要、次要，詳細以聞。並誡勉直省督撫淬厲精神，切實遵行，毋再因循推諉，致誤限期。壬午，何彥升卒，以袁大化為新疆巡撫。戊戌，予故大學士、前署兩廣總督張之洞於江寧省城建祠。
十一月癸卯，罷陸軍尚書、侍郎及左右丞、參議，改設陸軍大臣、副大臣各一人。置海軍部，設海軍大臣、副大臣各一人。以蔭昌為陸軍大臣，壽勛副之。貝勒載洵為海軍大臣，譚學衡副之。乙巳，命海軍提督薩鎮冰統巡洋長江艦隊。丙午，雲南大姚縣民亂，入城劫獄殺人，官軍剿定之，匪首陳文培、鄧良臣俱伏誅。己酉，命前安徽巡撫馮煦為江、皖籌賑大臣。壬子，農工商部進編輯棉花圖說。丁巳，資政院言軍機大臣責任不明，難資輔弼，請設立責任內閣。詔以朝廷自有權衡，非院臣所得擅預，斥之。雷震春罷，命段祺瑞署江北提督。庚申，陳夔龍奏順直諮議局呈請明年即開國會，諭提前豫備事宜已慮不及，豈能再議更張。命剴切宣示，不準再行要求瀆奏。加賞普濟教養局倉米六十石，月以為常。辛酉，置各省高等審判、檢察廳，設丞、長，湖南緩設。癸亥，東三省國會請原代表來京，呈請明年即開國會。軍機大臣以聞。詔民政部、步軍統領衙門勒歸籍，勿逗留，再有來京及各省聚眾者察治之。甲子，詔趣憲政編查館擬訂籌備清單，內閣官制並纂擬具奏。予故大學士張之洞於湖北省城建祠。乙丑，慶親王奕劻請免軍機大臣及總理外務部，優詔慰留之。己巳，資政院請明諭剪發易服。
十二月壬申，諭各省曉諭學堂，禁學生幹豫政治，聚眾要求，違者重治。丙子，唐紹儀以疾免，以盛宣懷為郵傳部尚書。丁丑，察哈爾右翼四旗蒙古災，發帑銀一萬兩賑之。己卯，誌銳請變通銷除旗檔舊制。辛巳，召增祺入覲，命孚琦署廣州將軍。壬午，召趙爾巽入覲。癸未，重申煙禁，地方官仍前粉飾者罪之，並命民政、度支二部考核。命各省總督會同憲政編查館王大臣參訂外省官制。乙酉，裁並江蘇州縣，設審判廳。江寧以江寧並入上元，蘇州以長洲、元和並入吳，江都並入甘泉，昭文並入常熟，新陽並入昆山，震澤並入吳江，婁並入華亭，陽湖並入武進，金匱並入無錫，荊溪並入宜興。丁亥，憲政編查館上遵擬修正逐年籌備事宜清單。裁吉林水師營官丁。戊子，四川匪踞黔江縣為亂，官軍擊卻之，復其城。己丑，考察憲政大臣李家駒進日本租稅制度考、會計制度考。癸巳，四川匪首溫朝鍾竄入湖北咸豐縣境，擒斬之。乙未，命貝子銜鎮國將軍載振充頭等專使大臣，賀英君加冕。資政院議決新刑律總則、分則，詔頒布之。丙申，免陜西咸寧等六十四府廳州縣光緒三十三年逋賦，並廣有倉錢糧草束。丁酉，資政院上議決統一國庫章程。戊戌，資政院奏議決宣統三年歲出歲入總豫算。廷傑卒，以紹昌為法部尚書。己亥，裁甘肅蘭州道，置勸業道。是月，江、淮饑，人相食。東三省疫。
宣統三年-
三年辛亥春正月庚子朔，以山海關外防疫，天寒道阻，諭陳夔龍、錫良安置各省工作人。丙午，馮煦奏察勘徐、淮災狀。己酉，免江蘇長洲等四十廳州縣田地銀糧。庚戌，賑江蘇高郵、寶應、清河、安東、山陽、阜寧等縣水災。甲寅，度支部上全國豫算章程。丙辰，釋服。御史胡思敬劾憲政編查館，言新官不可濫設，舊官不可盡裁；起草應用正人，頒行當采眾議。下其章於政務處。庚申，調誌銳為伊犁將軍，廣福為杭州將軍。乙丑，除非刑。凡遣、流以下罪，毋用刑訊。法部奏上已革綏遠城將軍貽穀罪論死。詔改戍新疆效力贖罪。乙巳，命周樹模會勘中俄邊界。是月，直隸、山東民疫。
二月庚午朔，予故大學士、前湖南巡撫王文韶於湖南省城建祠。馮煦請濬睢河。民政部上編訂戶籍法。壬申，諭所司防疫，毋藉端騷擾，並命民政部、步軍統領衙門、順天府以保衛民生之意諭人民。乙亥，四川德格、春科、高日三土司改設流官，置邊北道，登科府，德化、白玉二州，石渠、同普二縣。定應遣新疆軍臺人犯改發巴、藏。丙子，免雲南昆明等三州縣被災田地條糧銀米。丁丑，免浙江仁和等三十州縣，杭、嚴二衛，衢、嚴二所荒地錢糧漕米。戊寅，改陸軍部、海軍部大臣、副大臣為正都統、副都統，仍以蔭昌、壽勛、載洵、譚學衡為之。英人占片馬。癸未，命李家駒撰擬講義輪班進呈。丙戌，裁駐藏幫辦大臣，設左右參贊。丁亥，頒浙江惠興女學堂「貞心毅力」扁額。己丑，外務部上勛章贈賞章程。命度支部右侍郎陳邦瑞、學部右侍郎李家駒、民政部左參議汪榮寶協纂憲法。以誠勛為廣州將軍，溥颋為熱河都統。以貝子溥倫為農工商部尚書，世續為資政院總裁，李家駒副之，劉若曾為修訂法律大臣。壬辰，禁洋商運鹽入口。改設英屬檳榔嶼正領事官。
三月庚子，以劉銳恒為雲南提督。裁稽察守衛處，置管理前鋒、護軍等營事務處，三旗護軍仍隸內務府。陸軍部奏，東三省測量局員焦滇賄賣秘密地圖，誅之。辛丑，裁奉天承德、錦二縣。壬寅，裁四川川北、重慶二鎮總兵官。癸卯，頒盡忠節、守禮節、尚武勇、崇信義、敦樸素、重廉恥六條訓諭軍人。丁未，賞陸軍各鎮、協統制、統領等官何宗蓮、李奎元等陸軍副都統銜、協都統有差。戊申，吉林濬圖們江航路通於海。己酉，命出使義國大臣吳宗濂充專使，賀義大利立國慶典。庚戌，革命黨人以藥彈擊殺署廣州將軍孚琦。壬子，以薩鎮冰為海軍副都統。趙爾豐奏平三巖野番，改孔撒、麻書兩土司，設流官。甲寅，授張鳴岐兩廣總督。乙卯，度支部尚書載澤與英美德法四國銀行締結借款契約。丙辰，賞伊犁將軍誌銳尚書銜，伊犁地方文武各官受節制。免浙江仁和等三十七州縣並衛所田塘宣統二年銀糧。戊午，以江、皖、豫災，命馮煦會三省督撫籌春賑。己未，和蘭開禁煙會於海牙，命出使德國大臣梁誠往與會。賑科布多劄哈沁蒙古遊牧災。庚申，錫良以疾免，調趙爾巽為東三省總督，授欽差大臣，兼管三省將軍事。加直隸熱河道提法使銜。辛酉，命趙爾豐署四川總督，王人文為川滇邊務大臣。予哀毀殉親前浙江巡撫聶緝椝孝行宣付使館。癸亥，漢儒趙岐、元儒劉因俱從祀文廟。華商創立大同學校於日本橫濱，頒「育才廣學」扁額。丁卯，革命黨人黃興率其黨於廣州焚總督衙署，擊走之。
夏四月辛未，楊文鼎請緩裁湖南綠營及防軍。甲戌，賞遊學畢業生鍾世銘、汪爔芝等法政科進士、舉人，工科舉人有差。丙子，趙爾巽奏請用人行政便宜行事，從之。丁丑，裁山東撫、鎮標營官。戊寅，詔改立責任內閣。頒內閣官制。授慶親王奕劻為內閣總理大臣，大學士那桐、徐世昌俱為協理大臣。以梁敦彥為外務大臣，善耆為民政大臣，載澤為度支大臣，唐景崇為學務大臣，蔭昌為陸軍大臣，載洵為海軍大臣，紹昌為司法大臣，溥倫為農工商大臣，盛宣懷為郵傳大臣，壽耆為理藩大臣。復命內閣總、協理大臣俱為國務大臣，內閣總理大臣、協理大臣均充憲政編查館大臣，慶親王奕劻仍管理外務部。置弼德院，以陸潤庠為院長，榮慶副之。罷舊內閣、辦理軍機處及會議政務處。大學士、協辦大學士仍序次於翰林院。裁內閣學士以下官。置軍諮府，以貝勒載濤、毓朗俱為軍諮大臣，命訂府官制。趙爾巽會陳夔龍、張人駿、瑞澂、李經羲與憲政編查館大臣商訂外省官制。己卯，慶親王奕劻、大學士那桐、徐世昌俱辭內閣總理、協理，不許，趣即任事。重申鴉片煙禁，諭民政、度支二部，各省督撫剋期禁絕。詔定鐵路國有。先是，給事中石長信疏論各省商民集股造路公司弊害，宜敕部臣將全國幹路定為國有，自餘枝路準各省紳商集股自修，上韙之，下郵傳部議。至是，奏言：「中國幅員廣袤，邊疆遼遠，必有縱橫四境諸大幹路，方足以利行政而握中樞。從前規畫未善，致路政錯亂紛歧，不分枝幹，不量民力，一紙呈請，輒準商辦。乃數載以來，粵則收股及半，造路無多。川則倒帳甚鉅，參追無著。湘、鄂則開局多年，徒供坐耗。循是不已，恐曠日彌久，民累愈深，上下交受其害。應請定幹路均歸國有，枝路任民自為。曉諭人民，宣統三年以前各省分設公司集股商辦之幹路，應即由國家收回。亟圖修築，悉廢以前批準之案。」故有是詔。辛未，吉林火災，發帑銀四萬兩賑之。癸未，贈恤署廣州將軍副都統孚琦。丁亥，資政院請預算借款兩事歸院會議，不許。戊子，起端方以侍郎候補，充督辦粵漢、川漢鐵路大臣。諭裁缺候補人員毋得奏事。諭本年秋季調集禁衛軍及近畿各鎮陸軍於直隸永平府大操。己丑，恭親王溥偉以疾免禁煙大臣，以順承郡王訥勒赫代之。庚寅，郵傳大臣盛宣懷與英德法美四國銀行締結借款契約成。辛卯，龐鴻書罷，以沈瑜慶為貴州巡撫。壬辰，命督撫曉諭人民，鐵路現歸官辦，起降旨之日，川、湘兩省租股，並停罷之。宣統三年四月以前所收者，應由郵傳部、督辦鐵路大臣會督撫查奏。地方官敢有隱匿不報者詰治。楊文鼎奏湘省自聞鐵路幹路收歸國有諭旨，群情洶懼，譁噪異常，遍發傳單，恐滋煽動。諭嚴行禁止，儻有匪徒從中煽惑，意在作亂者，照懲治亂黨例，格殺勿論。朱家寶奏江、淮交會為匪黨出沒之區，比歲薦饑，盜風尤熾。請援鄂、蜀懲辦會匪、土匪章程，犯者以軍法從事。丙申，移稅務司附屬之郵政歸郵傳部管理。除雲南昆明縣官用田地額賦。丁酉，賑山東滕、嶧二縣災。
五月庚子，用湖南京官大理寺少卿王世祺等言，停湖南因路抽收房捐及米鹽捐。辛酉，楊文鼎奏湖南諮議局呈湘路力能自辦，不甘借債，據情代奏，嚴飭之。恤墨西哥被害華僑銀。壬寅，裁廣西綠營都司、守備以下官及馬步兵。癸卯，山東兗、沂、曹三府，濟寧州災，發帑銀三萬兩賑之。四川諮議局以紳民自聞鐵路國有之旨，函電紛馳，請緩接收，並請停刊謄黃，呈王人文代奏。人文以聞，詔切責之，仍命迅速刊刻謄黃，遍行曉諭，並剴切開導。乙巳，免琿春貧苦旗丁承領荒地價銀。戊申，廷試遊學畢業生進士江古懷等，敘官有差。乙卯，孫寶琦奏宗支不宜豫政，飭之。壬子，起復那桐，仍授文淵閣大學士。丙辰，廣東因收回路事，倡議不用官發紙幣，持票取銀。諭張鳴岐防範。丁巳，資政院上修改速記學堂章程。戊午，度支、郵傳二部會奏川、粵、漢幹路收回辦法。請收回粵、川、湘、鄂四省公司股票，由部特出國家鐵路股票換給。粵路發六成。湘、鄂路照本發還。川路宜昌實用工料之款四百餘萬，給國家保利股票，其現存七百餘萬兩，或仍入股，或興實業，悉聽其便。詔端方迅往三省會各督撫照行之。丁寶銓以疾免，以陳寶琛為山西巡撫。庚申，命於式枚總理禮學館。甲子，內閣上內閣屬官官制、法制院官制，詔頒布之。置內閣承宣廳，制誥、敘官、統計、印鑄四局。設閣丞、廳長、局長各官。並置內閣法制院院使。罷憲政編查館、吏部、中書科、稽察欽奉上諭事件處、批本處，俱歸其事於內閣。以繙書房改隸翰林院。陸軍部奏，簡各省督練公所軍事參議官。乙丑，翰林院進檢討章梫所纂康熙政要。
六月丁卯，命資政院會內閣改訂院章。賑湖南武陵、龍陽、益陽三縣水災。保定陸軍軍械局火藥庫、陸軍第二鎮演武廳火藥庫俱火。庚辰，安徽水，無為州五里碑、九連等處圩壞。辛巳，以榮慶為弼德院院長，鄒嘉來副之。陸潤庠免禁煙大臣，陳寶琛免山西巡撫，以侍郎候補。伊克坦免都察院副都御史，以副都統記名。裁兼管順天府府尹。壬午，以陸鍾琦為山西巡撫。癸未，趙爾豐奏收巴塘得榮地方，戶民請納糧稅，浪莊寺喇嘛千餘人許還俗。又奏巴塘臨卡石戶民投誠，撥隸三壩廳管理。乙酉，伊克昭盟紥薩克固山貝子三濟密都布旗災，發帑銀一萬兩賑之。丙戌，丹噶爾廳及西寧縣匪黨糾眾為亂，官軍擊散之，首犯李旺、李統春、李官博儉等伏誅。辛卯，置典禮院，設掌院大學士、副掌院學士、學士、直學士各官。以李殿林為典禮院掌院學士，郭曾炘為副。壬辰，四川紳民羅綸等二千四百餘人，以收路國有，盛宣懷、端方會度支部奏定辦法，對待川民純用威力，未為持平，不敢從命，呈請裁察。王人文以聞，詔以一再瀆奏，切責之。增設和屬爪哇島總領事，泗水、蘇門答臘正領事。甲午，湖南常德府大雨河溢，浸屬縣，壞田廬，發帑銀六萬兩賑之。丙申，以禁煙與英使續訂條件，重申厲禁，諭中外切實奉行。
閏六月己亥，命寶熙充禁煙大臣。庚子，恩壽以疾免，以余誠格為陜西巡撫。癸卯，安徽大雨，江潮暴發，濱江沿河各州縣澇災，發帑銀五萬兩賑之。庚戌，調余誠格為湖南巡撫，楊文鼎為陜西巡撫。壬子，詔本年調集禁衛軍及近畿各鎮軍於永平府大操，命軍諮大臣貝勒載濤恭代親臨監軍。癸丑，命貝子溥倫、鎮國公載澤會宗人府纂擬皇室大典。乙卯，革命黨人以藥彈道擊廣東水師提督李準，傷而免。前吉林將軍銘安卒。丙辰，命載振、陸潤庠、增祺、陳寶琛、丁振鐸、姚錫光、沈雲沛、誠勛、清銳、朱祖謀俱充弼德院顧問大臣，國務大臣奕劻、那桐、徐世昌、梁敦彥、善耆、載澤、唐景崇、蔭昌、載洵、紹昌、溥倫、盛宣懷、壽耆及宗人府宗令世鐸、總管內務府大臣奎俊、繼祿俱兼任弼德院顧問大臣。丁巳，調善耆為理藩大臣，以桂春署民政大臣。調鳳山為廣州將軍，以壽耆為荊州將軍。川路股東會會長顏楷等呈劾郵傳部，趙爾豐以聞，不報。辛酉，裁各省府治首縣，改置地方審判廳。乙丑，內閣請修訂法規。
七月壬申，趙爾豐奏鐵路收歸國有，川民仍多誤會，相率要求。諭郵傳部、督辦鐵路大臣清理路股，明示辦法，以釋群疑。甲戌，命瑞澂、張鳴岐、趙爾豐、余誠格各於轄境會辦鐵路事宜。命端方赴四川按查路事。丁丑，以四川人心浮動，宜防鼓惑，諭提督田振邦嚴束營伍彈壓之，趣端方速赴四川，許帶兵隊。趙爾豐、玉昆率提督、司、道奏，川民爭路激烈，請交資政院議決仍歸商辦，不許，仍責趙爾豐彈壓解散。己卯，江蘇各屬大雨，圩堤潰決，田禾淹沒，發帑銀四萬兩賑之。永定河決。端方入川，水陸新舊諸軍聽調遣。調陸徵祥為出使俄國大臣，劉鏡人為出使和國大臣。辛巳，忠瑞免，以桂芳為科布多辦事大臣。溥睘免，以薩蔭圖為科布多參贊大臣。壬午，四川亂作，趙爾豐執諮議局議長蒲殿俊、副議長羅綸、保路同志會長鄧孝可、股東會長顏楷、張瀾及胡嶸、江三乘、葉秉誠、王銘新九人。尋同志會聚眾圍總督署，擊之始散。賑浙江杭、嘉、湖、紹四府災。癸未，帝入學，大學士陸潤庠、侍郎陳寶琛授讀，副都統伊克坦教習國語清文。賑湖北水災。甲申，廣東澄海縣堤決，發帑銀四萬兩賑之。四川旅京人民以爭路開會，具呈資政院乞代奏。命捕代表劉聲元解歸籍。諭學部約束學生勿預外事，並敕所司禁聚眾開會。丁亥，山東濟南及東西路各州縣水災，黃河上遊民墊復決，發帑銀五萬兩賑之。賑福建水災。戊子，命前兩廣總督岑春煊往四川，會趙爾豐辦理剿撫事宜。己丑，監國攝政王閱禁衛軍。癸巳，以四川民亂，諭趙爾豐督飭諸軍迅速擊散，仍分別良莠剿撫，被脅者宥之。甲午，波密野番投誠。
八月丙申，總稅務司赫德卒，晉太子太保銜。予故成都將軍、前伊犁將軍馬亮於伊犁建祠。壬寅，慶親王奕劻復請免內閣總理大臣及管理外務部，不許。甲辰，裁直隸督標、提標，通永、天津、正定、大名、宣化各鎮標官弁馬步守兵，提督依舊。丙午，江南提督劉光才以疾免，調張勛代之，以張懷芝為甘肅提督。丁未，定國樂。庚戌，置鹽政院，設大臣以下官，廢鹽務處。命載澤兼任鹽政大臣。癸丑，端方、瑞澂奏，湖北境內粵漢、川漢鐵路改歸國有，取消商辦公司，議定接收路股辦法，詔嘉之，並以深明大義獎士紳。甲寅，革命黨謀亂於武昌，事覺，捕三十二人，誅劉汝夔等三人。瑞澂以聞，詔嘉其弭患初萌，定亂俄頃，命就擒獲諸人嚴鞫，並緝逃亡。乙卯，武昌新軍變附於革命黨，總督瑞澂棄城走，遂陷武昌。詔奪瑞澂職，仍命權總督事，戴罪圖功。命陸軍大臣蔭昌督師往討，湖北軍及援軍悉聽節制，薩鎮冰率兵艦、程允和率水師並援之。丙辰，張彪以兵匪構變，棄營潛逃，奪湖北提督，仍責剿匪。停永平大操。弛山西、河南運糧禁。武昌軍民擁陸軍第二十一混成協統領官黎元洪稱都督，置軍政府。嗣是行省各擁兵據地號獨立，舉為魁者皆稱都督。革命軍取漢陽，襲兵工廠、鐵廠，據漢口。丁巳，起袁世凱為湖廣總督，岑春煊為四川總督，俱督辦剿撫事宜。命貝勒載濤督禁衛各軍守近畿。戊午，王人文罷，復以趙爾豐為川滇邊務大臣。停奉天今年貢。己未，岑春煊辭四川總督，詔不許。趣梁敦彥來京供職。京師開糶濟民食。壬戌，詔長江水陸諸軍俱聽袁世凱節制。諭川、楚用兵，原脅從，自拔來歸，不咎既往，原隨軍自效，能擒獻匪黨者，優賞之。獲逆黨名冊應銷毀，毋株連。兩省被擾地方撫恤之。免裁各省綠營、巡防隊。壽耆免，授連魁荊州將軍。癸亥，皇太后懿旨，發帑銀二十萬兩賑湖北遭兵難民。福建龍溪、南靖兩縣河溢堤決，發帑銀二萬兩賑之。以湖北用兵，諭山東、山西兩省購運米麥濟軍。甲子，命副都統王士珍襄辦湖北軍務。
九月乙丑朔，日有食之。資政院第二次開會，詔勖議員。湖南新軍變，巡撫余誠格奔於兵艦，巡防營統領前廣西右江鎮總兵黃忠浩死之。丙寅，陜西新軍變，護巡撫布政使錢能訓自殺不克，遂走潼關，西安將軍文瑞、副都統承燕、克蒙額俱死之。丁卯，皇太后懿旨，發內帑二十四萬兩賑直隸、吉林、江蘇、安徽、山東、浙江、湖南、廣東諸省饑，立慈善救濟會。戊辰，張蔭棠免，以施肇基充出使義墨秘魯三國大臣。革命黨人以藥彈擊殺廣州將軍鳳山。己巳，皇太后助帑於慈善救濟會。資政院言郵傳大臣盛宣懷侵權違法，罔上欺君，塗附政策，釀成禍亂，實為誤國首惡，詔奪職。端方奏，訪查川亂緣起，實由官民交閧而成，請釋諮議局議長蒲殿俊及鄧孝可等九人，湖北拘留法部主事蕭湘並免議，從之。以唐紹儀為郵傳大臣。命陳邦瑞為江、皖賑務大臣。庚午，皇太后出內帑一百萬兩濟湖北軍。召蔭昌還，授袁世凱欽差大臣，督辦湖北剿撫事宜，節制諸軍。命軍諮使馮國璋總統第一軍，江北提督段祺瑞總統第二軍，俱受袁世凱節制。以春祿為廣州將軍。贈恤遇害廣州將軍鳳山。馮國璋與革命軍戰於灄口，水陸夾擊漢口，復之。壬申，以瑞澂失守武昌，避登兵艦，潛逃出省，偷生喪恥，詔逮京，下法部治罪。癸酉，下詔罪己。命溥倫、載澤纂憲法條文，迅速以聞。資政院總裁大學士世續以疾免，以李家駒代之，達壽為副。桂春回倉場侍郎任，趙秉鈞署民政大臣。奪湖南巡撫余誠格職，仍權管湖南巡撫事。山西新軍變，巡撫陸鍾琦死之。雲南新軍變，總督李經羲遁，布政使世增及統制官鍾麟同、兵備處候補道王振畿、輜重營管帶範鍾嶽俱死之。命湯壽潛總辦浙江團練。開黨禁。戊戌政變獲咎，及先後犯政治革命嫌疑，與此次被脅自歸者，悉原之。資政院言內閣應負責任，請廢現行章程，實行內閣完全制度，不以親貴充任。詔韙之。順天府平糶。甲戌，江西新軍變，巡撫馮汝骙走九江，仰藥死。安徽新軍犯省垣，擊散之。乙亥，授袁世凱內閣總理大臣，命組織完全內閣。慶親王奕劻罷內閣總理大臣，命為弼德院院長。那桐、徐世昌罷內閣協理大臣，及榮慶並為弼德院顧問大臣。罷善耆、鄒嘉來、載澤、唐景崇、蔭昌、載洵、紹昌、溥倫、唐紹儀、壽耆國務大臣，俱解部務。載濤罷軍諮大臣，以蔭昌為之。起魏光燾為湖廣總督，命速往湖北。陸海各軍及長江水師仍聽袁世凱節制調遣。丙子，召袁世凱來京。命王士珍權署湖廣總督。用張紹曾言，改命資政院制定憲法。丁丑，資政院奏采用君主立憲主義，上重大信條十九事。發內帑十萬兩賑四川遭兵難民。戊寅，詔統兵大員以朝廷與民更始，不忍再用兵力之意諭人民。諭統兵大員申明紀律，禁擾民。命第六鎮統制吳祿貞署山西巡撫。袁世凱辭內閣總理大臣，溫詔勉之。贈恤殉難山西巡撫陸鍾琦。貴州獨立，舉都督，巡撫沈瑜慶遁。革命軍陷上海。袁世凱命前敵諸軍停進兵。尋遣知府劉承恩、正參領蔡廷幹詣黎元洪勸解兵，不得要領而還。己卯，詔許革命黨人以法律組政黨。資政院言漢口之役，官軍慘殺人民，請敕停戰。諭袁世凱按治軍官罪，商民損失由國家償之。吳祿貞奏，遣員入敵軍勸告，下令停攻擊，親赴襄子關撫慰革命軍，詔嘉之。裁廣東交涉使司。江蘇巡撫程德全以蘇州附革命軍，自稱都督。浙江新軍變，巡撫增韞被執，尋縱之。庚辰，予第二十鎮統制張紹曾侍郎銜，宣撫長江。紹曾稱疾不赴。命張勛充會辦南洋軍務大臣。趙爾豐免，命端方署四川總督。趣袁世凱入京。釋政治嫌疑犯汪兆銘、黃復生、羅世勛於獄。辛巳，廣西巡撫沈秉堃自稱都督。內閣銓敘局火。壬午，江寧新軍統制徐紹楨以其軍變，將軍鐵良、總督張人駿、提督張勛拒守。鎮江陷，京口副都統載穆死之。安徽新軍變，推巡撫朱家寶為都督。癸未，詔特命袁世凱為內閣總理大臣。從資政院奏，依憲法信條公舉，故有是命。呂海寰請依紅十字會法，推廣慈善救濟會，從之。廣東獨立，舉都督，總督張鳴岐遁。福建新軍變，將軍樸壽、總督松壽死之。甲申，皇太后懿旨罷繼祿，起世續復為總管內務府大臣。召錫良入覲。以朝廷於滿、漢軍民初無歧視，命統兵大員曉諭之。乙酉，山東巡撫孫寶琦宣告獨立。順天府奏立臨時慈善普濟赤十字總會於京師。罷貝勒毓朗軍諮大臣，以徐世昌代之。丙戌，賞恤江寧戰守將士。命呂海寰充中國紅十字會會長，兼慈善救濟會事。東三省諮議局及新軍要求獨立，總督趙爾巽不從，寢其議，仍令解勸之。丁亥，命近畿各鎮及各路軍隊並姜桂題所部俱聽袁世凱節制。戊子，分遣被兵各省宣慰使，徵國民意見。命各省督撫舉足為代表者來京與會議。趙爾巽以川事引咎請罷，詔不許。吳祿貞以兵至石家莊，為其下所殺。御史溫肅劾祿貞包藏禍心，反形顯著。詔陳夔龍按查。王士珍以疾免，命段芝貴護湖廣總督。永定河合龍。袁世凱來京。己丑，以張錫鑾為山西巡撫。溥颋免，以錫良為熱河都統。庚寅，袁世凱舉國務大臣。詔命梁敦彥為外務大臣，趙秉鈞為民政大臣，嚴修為度支大臣，唐景崇為學務大臣，王士珍為陸軍大臣，薩鎮冰為海軍大臣，沈家本為司法大臣，張謇為農工商大臣，楊士琦為郵傳大臣，達壽為理藩大臣，俱置副大臣佐之。於式枚、寶熙充修律大臣。紹昌、林紹年、陳邦瑞、王垿、吳郁生、恩順俱充弼德院顧問大臣。辛卯，命段祺瑞署湖廣總督。起升允署陜西巡撫，督辦軍務。壬辰，浙江巡撫增韞坐擅離職守奪職。癸巳，以督攻秣陵關餘黨，將士奮勇，賞張勛二等輕車都尉世職。甲午，資政院上改訂院章，頒布之。
冬十月丙申，內閣奏立憲牴觸事項，停召對奏事。弼德院、軍諮府並限制之。廢各衙門直日舊章。更命世續復為文淵閣大學士。戊戌，伍廷芳、張謇、唐文治、溫宗堯勸告攝政王，請贊共和政體。庚子，以憲法信條十九事誓告太廟，攝政王代行祀事。以勞乃宣為大學堂總監督。溥良免，命直隸宣化鎮總兵黃懋澄兼署察哈爾都統。辛丑，命甘肅提督張懷芝幫辦直隸防務。四川成都獨立，舉都督。壬寅，督辦鐵路大臣、候補侍郎、署四川總督端方率兵入川，次資州，為其下所殺。其弟端錦從，並遇害。敘復漢陽功，封馮國璋二等男爵。命科爾沁親王阿穆爾靈圭往奉天，會趙爾巽籌畫蒙古事宜。變軍犯金陵，副將王有宏戰死。甲辰，孫寶琦罷獨立，自劾待罪。詔原之，褒獎山東官商不附和者。發帑犒張勛軍。賞梁鼎芬三品京堂，會李準規復廣東。丙午，革命軍陷江寧，將軍鐵良、總督張人駿走上海，張勛以其餘眾退保徐州。袁世凱與民軍訂暫時息戰條款，停戰三日。自是展期再三，至決定國體日乃已。命徐世昌充專司訓練禁衛軍大臣。丁未，寶棻免，以齊耀琳為河南巡撫。命壽勛會袁世凱、徐世昌籌辦軍務。戊申，哲布尊丹巴胡圖克圖自立，逐庫倫辦事大臣三多。詔奪三多職。己酉，贈恤殉難江西巡撫馮汝骙。庚戌，監國攝政王載灃奏皇太后，繳監國攝政王章，退歸藩邸。皇太后懿旨，晉世續、徐世昌俱為太保，衛護皇帝。諭段祺瑞剿當陽、天門諸路土匪。辛亥，詔授袁世凱全權大臣，委代表人赴南方討論大局。以馮國璋為察哈爾都統。資政院請改用陽歷，並臣民自由剪發，詔俱行之。壬子，改訓練禁衛軍大臣為總統官，以馮國璋為之。以良弼為軍諮府軍諮使。贈恤殉難閩浙總督松壽。丙辰，開黑龍江省太平山察漢敖拉煤礦。丁巳，革命軍至荊州，署左翼副都統恒齡死之。戊午，內閣奏行愛國公債票。辛酉，孫寶琦免，以胡建樞為山東巡撫。
十一月甲子朔，袁世凱請廢臣工封奏舊制。乙丑，命前署湖北提法使施紀雲、前光祿寺少卿陳鍾信四川團練。丙寅，成都尹昌衡、羅綸以同志軍入總督衙，劫前署四川總督、川滇邊務大臣趙爾豐執之，不屈，死。戊辰，贈恤死事廣東潮州鎮總兵趙國賢。壬申，皇太后命召集臨時國會，以共和立憲國體付公決。初，袁世凱遣唐紹儀南下，與民軍代表伍廷芳討論大局，以上海為議和地，一再會議，廷芳力持廢帝制建共和國，紹儀不能折，以當先奏聞取上裁，遂以入告。世凱奏請召集王公大臣開御前會議，終從其言。至是，乃定期開國民會議於上海，解決國體。甲戌，各省代表十七人開選舉臨時大總統選舉會於上海，舉臨時大總統，立政府於南京，定號曰中華民國。戊寅，勸親貴王公等輸財贍軍。大理院正卿定成免，以劉若曾代之。己卯，楊士琦免，命梁士詒署郵傳大臣。辛巳，贈恤署四川總督、督辦粵漢川漢鐵路大臣、候補侍郎端方及其弟知府端錦。罷鹽政院。灤州兵變，撫定之。伊犁新軍協統領官楊纘緒軍變，將軍誌銳死之。丁亥，告諭哲布尊丹巴胡圖克圖，並賚先朝珍物。庚寅，贈恤殉難署荊州左翼副都統恒齡。辛卯，袁世凱道遇炸彈，不中。壬辰，命張懷芝兼幫辦山東防務大臣。癸巳，命所司保護外人生命財產。命舒清阿幫辦湖北防務。以烏珍為步軍統領，京師戒嚴。
十二月甲午朔，賞張懷芝巡撫銜。己未，再予前山西巡撫陸鍾琦二等輕車都尉世職，追贈同時遇害其子翰林院侍講陸光熙三品京堂，優恤賜謚，並旌恤鍾琦妻唐氏。丁酉，張人駿罷，命張勛護兩江總督。胡建樞罷，命張廣建署山東巡撫，吳鼎元會辦山東防務。己亥，贈恤殉難伊犁將軍誌銳。辛丑，皇太后懿旨，以袁世凱公忠體國，封一等侯爵。命額勒渾署伊犁將軍，文琦辦塔爾巴哈臺參贊大臣事。李家駒免，以許鼎霖為資政院總裁。革命黨以藥彈擊良弼，傷股，越二日死。壬寅，袁世凱辭侯爵，固讓再三乃受。癸卯，以復潼關，賞銀一萬兩犒軍。甲辰，以敘漢陽功，復張彪提督。乙巳，以張懷芝為安徽巡撫。贈恤死事福州將軍樸壽。丁未，命張錫鑾往奉天會辦防務，李盛鐸署山西巡撫，盧永祥會辦山西軍務。贈恤遇害軍諮府軍諮使良弼。戊申，以王賡為軍諮府軍諮使。己酉，皇太后懿旨，授袁世凱全權，與民軍商酌條件奏聞。時岑春煊、袁樹勛、陸徵祥、段祺瑞等請速定共和國體，以免生靈塗炭，故不俟國會召集，決定自讓政權，遂有是命。庚戌，命昆源會辦熱河防務。辛亥，命宋小濂署黑龍江巡撫。壬子，徐世昌免軍諮大臣，贈恤雲南殉難甘肅布政使世增。乙卯，錫良免，命昆源署熱河都統。丁巳，免江南徐州府未完丁漕銀糧。戊午，袁世凱奏與南方代表伍廷芳議，贊成共和，並進皇室優待條件八，皇族待遇條件四，滿、蒙、回、藏待遇條件七，凡十九條。皇太后命袁世凱以全權立臨時共和政府，與民軍商統一辦法。袁世凱遂承皇太后懿旨，宣示中外曰：「前因民軍起義，各省響應，九夏沸騰，生靈塗炭。特命袁世凱遣員與民軍代表討論大局，議開國會、公決政體。兩月以來，尚無確當辦法。南北暌隔，彼此相持。商輟於塗，士露於野。國體一日不決，民生一日不安。今全國人民心理，多傾向共和。南中各省，既倡義於前，北方將領，亦主張於後。人心所向，天命可知。予亦何忍因一姓之尊榮，拂兆民之好惡。是用外觀大勢，內審輿情，特率皇帝將統治權公諸全國，定為立憲共和國體。近慰海內厭亂望治之心，遠協古聖天下為公之義。袁世凱前經資政院選為總理大臣，當茲新舊代謝之際，宜為南北統一之方。即由袁世凱以全權組織臨時共和政府，與民軍協商統一辦法。總期人民安堵，海宇乂安，仍合滿、蒙、漢、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國。予與皇帝得以退處安閒，優遊歲月，受國民之優禮，親見郅治之告成，豈不懿歟！」又曰：「古之君天下者，重在保全民命，不忍以養人者害人。現將新定國體，無非欲先弭大亂，期保乂安。若拂逆多數之民心，重啟無窮之戰禍，則大局決裂，殘殺相尋，必演成種族之慘痛。將至九廟震驚，兆民荼毒，後禍何忍復言。兩害相形，取其輕者。此正朝廷審時觀變，恫瘝吾民之苦衷。凡爾京、外臣民，務當善體此意，為全局熟權利害，勿得挾虛矯之意氣，逞偏激之空言，致國與民兩受其害。著民政部、步軍統領、姜桂題、馮國璋等嚴密防範，剴切開導。俾皆曉然於朝廷應天順人，大公無私之意。至國家設官分職，以為民極。內列閣、府、部、院，外建督、撫、司、道，所以康保群黎，非為一人一家而設。爾京、外大小各官，均宜慨念時艱，慎供職守。應即責成各長官敦切誡勸，勿曠厥官，用副予夙昔愛撫庶民之至意。」又曰：「前以大局阽危，兆民困苦，特飭內閣與民軍商酌優待皇室各條件，以期和平解決。茲據覆奏，民軍所開優禮條件，於宗廟陵寢永遠奉祀，先皇陵制如舊妥修各節，均已一律擔承。皇帝但卸政權，不廢尊號。並議定優待皇室八條，待遇皇族四條，待遇滿、蒙、回、藏七條。覽奏尚為周至。特行宣示皇族暨滿、蒙、回、藏人等，此後務當化除畛域，共保治安，重睹世界之升平，胥享共和之幸福，予有厚望焉。」遂遜位。
論曰：帝沖齡嗣服，監國攝政，軍國機務，悉由處分，大事並白太后取進止。大變既起，遽謝政權，天下為公，永存優待，遂開千古未有之奇。虞賓在位，文物猶新。是非論定，修史者每難之。然孔子作春秋，筆則筆，削則削。所見之世且詳於所聞，一朝掌故，烏可從闕。儻亦為天下後世所共鑒歟？
Twelfth month, on the first day, renzi, additional honorific posthumous titles were conferred on Muzong, the Emperor Yi, and on the Empresses Xiaojingcheng, Xiaodexian, Xiaozhenxian and Xiaozheyi. The almanac for the first year of Xuantong was promulgated. On jiayin, the Imperial Guard Army was established, and the Beile Zaitao and Yulang and the Minister Tieliang were ordered to take sole charge of its training. The Major of the Zhenxi Battalion in Hunan and the Defense Commandant of the Qianzhou Joint Command were abolished, and the soldiers retained in the battalions of the Qianzhou Joint Command were reduced. Lady Yu, concubine of the late Provincial Commander of Zhili, Ma Yukun, who had died for her loyalty, was honored. Relief was given for floods at the cities and sub-prefectures of Heilongjiang, Mergen, Butha, Heishui and Dalai. The grain rent on the disaster-struck lands of eight departments and counties of Zhili, Hejian and the others, was remitted. On dingsi, prayers for snow were made. Zhang Zhidong was ordered to be also Commissioner in charge of the Sichuan-Hankou Railway. On gengshen, the retired Grand Secretary Wang Wenshao died, and was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Guardian. A posthumous name was conferred on the late Governor-General of Yunnan and Guizhou, Zhang Liangji. The Ministry of Civil Affairs presented regulations and forms for a household census. On renxu, Yuan Shikai was dismissed, and the Grand Secretary Natong was ordered to be Grand Councillor. On guihai, Liang Dunyan was made Minister of Foreign Affairs and joint manager. Natong was relieved of the post of Commandant of the Infantry, and Yulang replaced him. On yichou, an edict fixed Jinlongyu at the Western Tombs as the mausoleum of Dezong, the Jing Emperor, and called it the Chong Mausoleum. On dingmao, prayers for snow were made again. On jisi, the Ministry of Finance presented regulations for clearing up the finances. On renshen, Zhang Xun's Huai Army was ordered to remain stationed in the Three Eastern Provinces and handle matters of suppression and pacification. On guiyou, there was an earthquake disaster in Italy, and 50,000 taels of treasury silver were issued to help the relief. The Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government memorialized that the matters of the preliminary and second selections of the capital banners should be handled by the Shuntian Prefecture. On yihai, an edict ordered the provinces to clear up the accumulated abuses in the remission and deferral of taxes. On dingchou, prayers for snow were made again. On that day, it snowed. The tax arrears of the thirty-second year of Guangxu in the departments and counties of Shaanxi were remitted. On wuyin, it snowed again. The Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented its reviewed reply on local self-government for cities and countryside, together with separately drafted election regulations, and an edict ordered them promulgated. The Precious Star decoration was first made and granted to the Zongli and joint managing ministers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and to ministers abroad. On gengchen, trial courts and procuratorates of every level were established in Fengtian. On xinsi, the Grain Intendant of Jiangxi was abolished, and two circuit intendants, for police and for industry, were established. Edit
First year of Xuantong (1909)
The first year of Xuantong, jiyou. Spring, first month, on the first day, renwu, because the late emperor lay in his coffin, congratulations at court were not received. On guiwei, the wasteland fields of twenty-eight sub-prefectures, departments and counties of Jiangsu, Changzhou and the others, were remitted, together with the silver and rice of the grain transport and military colonies of seven counties: Zhaowen, Jintan, Dantu, Kunshan, Xinyang, Jingjiang and Liyang. On wuzi, border guard posts along the Hulunbuir frontier were established. On gengyin, Xu Shichang, Imperial Commissioner and Governor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces, asked to be relieved because of illness, but this was not granted. On xinmao, on the Empress Dowager's birthday, banquets were suspended and congratulations not received. On jiawu, the tax arrears of Amizhou in Yunnan, which had suffered disaster, were remitted. On yiwei, the Ministry of Finance memorialized on revising the currency system and asked that a joint conference still be ordered; it was referred to the Bureau of Government Affairs for further deliberation. The tin mine in Fuchuan County, Guangxi, was opened. On dingyou, the purchase of slaves was forbidden. On wuxu, because of the offices newly established in recent years, the provinces newly created and the personnel transferred, with requests to add funds, and since names could not be comprehensively checked against realities, officials inside and outside the court were ordered to review and trim them earnestly, without leaving them unlimited. The United States convened an international opium conference at Shanghai in Jiangsu, and Duanfang attended the meeting. On yihai, Chen Bi was impeached and dismissed, and Xu Shichang was made Minister of Posts and Communications. Xiliang was transferred to be Imperial Commissioner and Governor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces, also taking charge of the business of the generals of the three provinces. Li Jingxi was made Governor-General of Yunnan and Guizhou. On renyin, Gao Erqian, Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of Yunnan, was ordered to go to Macao to survey the boundary. The Ministry of Civil Affairs presented regulations for reorganizing the police administration inside and outside the capital and adjusting the boundaries of the districts as appropriate. On guimao, the honorific posthumous name of the late Grand Empress Dowager was presented, and the next day an edict was promulgated to the empire. On wushen, an edict was issued on the matters of preparing for constitutional government, ordering that the items each province should carry out this year be established by the deadlines, without delay. An edict ordered the new penal code to be examined and settled and promulgated the following year. Su Yuanchun, the dismissed Provincial Commander of Guangxi, was restored to his original office. The tribute of swallows' nests from Xiamen in Fujian was abolished. On jiyou, the honorific posthumous name and temple name of the late emperor were presented, and the next day an edict was promulgated to the empire. On gengxu, the navy was to be reorganized, and Shanqi, Prince Su of the First Rank, the Duke Who Guards the State Zaize, the Minister Tieliang and the Provincial Commander Sa Zhenbing were ordered to plan it, with Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, in overall charge of inspection. Tieliang was relieved of his post as minister in sole charge of training the Imperial Guard. Edit
Second month, on renzi, the Veritable Records of Dezong were ordered compiled. On guichou, an edict ordered the offices that try cases inside and outside the capital to clear up lawsuits and root out abuses. On wuwu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce memorialized that the Netherlands was about to establish a new law admitting overseas Chinese to naturalization, and asked that a nationality law be fixed. It was referred to the Commissioners for Revising the Laws to discuss with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On gengshen, the grain and money of the salt-boiler levy at Renhe and other salt yards in Zhejiang were remitted. On yichou, the aim of carrying out the preparations for constitutional government was proclaimed, with an edict saying: "The state policy has been fixed and it is expected to succeed. All officials, great and small, inside and outside the court, should alike appreciate this intention and assist the new undertakings. The ministers charged with remonstrance should also set forth earnestly the gains and losses, the benefits and harms, of all the new policies." On dingmao, Xiyan, Qiao Shunan, Liu Tingchen, Wu Shijian, Zhou Ziqi, Lao Naixuan, Zhao Binglin and Tan Xueheng, together with Rongqing, Lu Runxiang, Zhang Yinglin, Tang Jingchong, Baoxi and Zhu Yifan, were ordered to give lectures on separate days. The lecture texts were to be reviewed and fixed by Sun Jia'nai and Zhang Zhidong. On gengwu, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented forms for statistical tables. On jiaxu, the ban on opium was reiterated. On bingzi, the silver and rice of the disaster-struck villages of Xuanwei Department in Yunnan were remitted. Edit
Intercalary second month, on jiashen, an edict strictly required the responsibility for preparing for constitutional government, and warned the ministers of the boards and the provincial officials against procrastination and perfunctory handling and abandoning their responsibility. Since the mourning regulations bear on the proper order of human relations, an edict ordered that from now on, whenever an official inside or outside the court suffered the death of a parent, Manchu and Han alike should leave their posts and observe the full mourning. The former Academician of the Grand Secretariat Chen Baochen was ordered to take overall charge of the Bureau for the Study of Rites. The poll and grain-transport silver and rice of the wasteland fields, hills and ponds of thirty-two departments and counties of Zhejiang, Renhe and the others, together with the two garrisons of Hang and Yan and the three offices of Hang, Qu and Yan, were remitted. On bingxu, the Grand Councillor and Grand Secretary Natong suffered the death of his mother, and an edict ordered him to set aside the mourning, and when the hundred days of filial mourning were completed, to change to acting in his post and still attend on duty. On wuzi, officials for judicial affairs were established at Urga. The pit-mouth tax on new mines in Guangdong was remitted. Generous compensation was given to Chen Changyong, commander of the artillery battalion of Anhui, who had died in service. On xinmao, the Prince Regent received the princes and officials, by rank, in the Hall of Literary Splendor. A consul-general at Vladivostok was added. The stamp tax of the Ministry of Finance was promulgated. Supervisors of finance were established in the provinces. On bingshen, the Deputy Generals, Assistant Generals, Majors, Captains and Defense Commandants of the central army at Huangzhou, Jingmen, Yunyang, Yichang, Shinan and De'an in Hubei were abolished. The minister abroad, Wu Tingfang, concluded with the United States a treaty for arbitration. On dingyou, the Chong Mausoleum was built. On wuxu, the School of Law and Politics for the Imperial Kin was established, and the Beile Yulang was ordered to take overall charge. On yisi, Li Shengchao, a Hui of Guyuan Department in Gansu who was over a hundred years old, was honored and rewarded, and granted a plaque in the emperor's hand. On jiyou, because the late emperor lay in his coffin, the annual audience was halted, and the jasagh Mongol khans, princes, beile, beizi, dukes, taiji and tabunang inside and outside, as well as the Hutuketu lamas, the Tibetan khenpo, the Pakebala of Chamdo, the Muslim begs, the native chieftains and sub-chiefs, the Gurkhas and others, were told not to come to the capital. Edit
Third month, on xinhai, a Police Circuit and an Industry Circuit were added in Zhejiang. On jiayin, Li Henian, the former Governor of Henan, was restored to his original rank. On gengshen, the Empress Dowager's decree ordered that the separate festival payment of 280,000 taels of silver that the Ministry of Finance delivered each year be stopped from then on. On xinyou, the coffin of Dezong, the Jing Emperor, was escorted to the traveling palace at Liangge Zhuang at the Western Tombs. On jiazi, the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company was placed under the Ministry of Posts and Communications. On yichou, the Fengtian Police Circuit was abolished again. A Tao-Chang Military Defense Circuit and a Lin-Chang-Hai Patrol and Military Defense Circuit were added. The Feng-Jin-Shanhai Pass Circuit was changed into the Jin-Xin Military Defense Circuit, also serving as Superintendent of Shanhai Pass, and the Eastern Border Circuit into the Xing-Feng Military Defense Circuit. The Xingjing sub-prefecture was raised to Xingjing Prefecture. On bingyin, five-tenths of this year's fixed tax was remitted for the five departments and counties through which the coffin passed, Wanping, Liangxiang, Zhuozhou, Fangshan and Laishui, and seven-tenths for Yizhou, and the people were rewarded with one qian of silver per mu for wheat fields trampled flat. On jisi, an edict restored the original offices of Lishan, the former Minister of Revenue, Xu Yongyi, Minister of War, Xu Jingcheng, Left Vice Minister of Personnel, Lianyuan, Academician of the Grand Secretariat, and Yuan Chang, Chancellor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and conferred posthumous names on them. Wu Luzhen, Brigade Commander of the army, was ordered to supervise border affairs in Jilin. The Yanping Circuit of Shanxi was abolished. On xinwei, Yang Shu, the former Left Counselor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was appointed minister to Belgium. Yadong, Jiangzi and Gadake were opened as ports and customs houses established. On bingzi, the Huinan Directly Governed Sub-prefecture was added in Fengtian. On wuyin, Zhao Erxun, Governor-General of Sichuan, and Zhao Erfeng, Amban in Tibet, contributed funds to help found schools, and the matter was referred to the Ministry for generous recognition. Zhao Erxun donated his integrity allowance to support his clansmen, and was granted a plaque in the emperor's hand reading "Sincere in Fellowship with Kin of the Clan." Edit
Summer, fourth month, on gengchen, because the various countries had sent envoys to offer condolences, the General Who Guards the State Zaizhen, with the rank of Beizi, was ordered to go to Japan, and the Minister of Law Dai Hongci to go to Russia to report thanks; other countries were to be handled by the resident ministers. On jiashen, the Ministry of Finance established a Bureau for Investigating the Currency, and silver coins for general circulation were cast. On yiyou, tax arrears of the provinces from the fourteenth year of Guangxu through the thirty-third year were remitted across the board. On guisi, the Deputy Lieutenant-Generals of the cities of Hunchun, Sanxing, Ningguta, Boduna and Alchuka in Jilin were abolished. A Hunchun Military Defense Circuit and a Sanxing Military Defense Circuit were established. The prefectures of Suifen, Yanji, Wuchang, Shuangcheng, Binzhou and Linjiang, the Yitong Directly Governed Department, the Yushu Directly Governed Sub-prefecture, the two departments of Baoqing and Suiyuan, the three sub-prefectures of Hunchun, Binjiang and Dongning, and the counties of Fujin, Muleng, Helong, Huachuan, Linhu, Wangqing and Emu were created by elevation, conversion or addition. Soon the four counties of Shulan, Acheng, Boli and Raohe were established again. On jiawu, the Cabinet, the ministries and offices, the Hanlin Academy and the censors were ordered to deliberate jointly the great ceremony of installing Dezong's tablet in the Ancestral Temple. On yiwei, prayers for rain were made. On bingshen, disasters struck the districts of Lanzhou, Liangzhou, Gongchang, Nianbo and Huining in Gansu, and 60,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief. On renyin, the Counselors of the Left and Right of Fengtian and the two halls of Chengxuan and Ziyi were abolished. On jiachen, prayers for rain were made again. On wushen, an edict ordered the commissioners for opium prohibition to inspect and test earnestly, and not to permit favoritism or perfunctory handling. As for the schools for officials, civil and military, in the provinces, the governors-general, governors, generals and lieutenant-generals were charged to investigate and prohibit strictly. Edit
Fifth month, on the first day, jiyou, there was an eclipse of the sun. On xinhai, in the palace examination of students who had completed their studies abroad, Huang Dezhang and 119 others were made jinshi, and were appointed to office in different grades. On renzi, Yu Shimei said that the regulations of the provincial assemblies did not accord with the system of local assemblies of the state of Prussia; the matter was referred to the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government for proper deliberation. On guichou, Chen Qitai died, and Ruicheng was made Governor of Jiangsu. The gentry of Zhejiang were permitted to build a shrine at the West Lake in Zhejiang for the late Minister of War Xu Yongyi, the Right Vice Minister of Personnel Xu Jingcheng and the Chancellor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Yuan Chang. On jiayin, prayers for rain were made again. Shengyun, Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu, was dismissed because he had memorialized on the benefits and harms of constitutional government, and Changgeng replaced him. On yimao, Guangfu was ordered to act as General of Ili. On dingsi, Lianyu and Wen Zongyao memorialized on the matters of planning troop training and the founding of schools in Tibet. On jiwei, Shixu was ordered to act as joint manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Yang Shixiang died, and Duanfang was made Governor-General of Zhili and Commissioner in charge of trade affairs, Zhang Renjun Governor-General of Liangjiang and Commissioner in charge of trade affairs, and Sun Baoqi acting Governor of Shandong. On xinyou, because the Zhaya region had formerly belonged to Sichuan, it was ordered transferred to the jurisdiction of the Commissioner for Border Affairs. On jiazi, an edict ordered the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce to urge the provinces to take up the affairs of agriculture, forestry and crafts. On yichou, prayers for rain were made again. On that day it rained. On wuchen, Weng Tonghe, the former Assistant Grand Secretary and Minister of Revenue, was restored to his original rank. On jisi, Tang Shaoyi was relieved as Governor of Fengtian and placed on the candidate list with the rank of vice minister. On xinwei, a Bureau for Students Studying in the United States was established. On guiyou, Henan Province reorganized its military establishment. On jiaxu, relief was given for the earthquake disaster at Nanning Department in Yunnan. On bingzi, an edict ordered the establishment of the Military Advisory Office, with the Beile Yulang to lead it. The Prince Regent acted as Generalissimo commanding the army and navy, and the Beile Zaixun and the Provincial Commander Sa Zhenbing were both appointed Commissioners for Planning the Navy. Relief was given for the flood at Lizhou in Hunan. On dingchou, the Beile Zaitao was ordered to manage the affairs of the Military Advisory Office. Edit
Sixth month, on jiashen, Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, was relieved of the management of the Ministry of the Army. Relief was given for floods in Hanyang and other prefectures in Hubei. On yiyou, Ili began to organize and train an army. On bingxu, Cheng Dequan was appointed Governor of Fengtian, Chen Zhaochang Governor of Jilin and Zhou Shumo Governor of Heilongjiang. On dinghai, canals were opened at Gaolan County, Xincheng and Xigucheng in Gansu, with work given in place of relief. On jichou, relief was given for the earthquake disaster at Xi'er and other places in Mile County, Yunnan. The grain of fields struck by disaster last year in Taihe County, Yunnan, was remitted. On gengyin, the late Mao Hongbin, a former Governor-General of Liangguang who had been demoted and transferred, was restored to his original rank. As a further grace, a shrine was built in Changzhou Prefecture for Yuechang, the late Subprefectural Magistrate of Changzhou Prefecture in Jiangsu, who had died in resisting bandits. Relief was given for the flood at Andong in Fengtian. On jiawu, Lu Haihuan was dismissed, Xu Shichang was ordered to serve as Commissioner in charge of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway, and Shen Yunpei as his deputy. The Jinxin Circuit of Fengtian was renamed the Jinxin-Yingkou Patrol and Military Defense Circuit. On yiwei, there was a great flood in Jilin, and 60,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief. Relief was given for floods in the departments, sub-prefectures and counties of Lizhou, Anxiang, Changde and Yuezhou in Hunan. On dingyou, Jingzhou and Hanyang prefectures in Hubei were waterlogged; 60,000 taels of treasury silver were issued, and 200,000 taels were ordered to be raised for emergency relief. On xinchou, the fixed rent on the enclosure land occupied by the barracks of the New Army at Rehe was remitted. On renyin, relief was given for floods in eleven counties of Zhejiang, Qiantang and the others. On guimao, Zhang Xun was relieved of the post of Wing Commander of the field headquarters of the Three Eastern Provinces and ordered to take up his post as Provincial Commander of Gansu. On jiachen, Wu Tingfang and Qian Xun were both ordered to come to the capital; Zhang Yintang, acting Right Chief Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was made minister to the four countries of the United States, Mexico, Peru and Cuba, and Wu Zonglian, acting Right Counselor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was made minister to Italy. Zhao Erxun memorialized that he had pacified the Luoyi tribesmen of Qianshui in Ningyuan, Sichuan. On yisi, silver for cotton clothing was given to the poor of the capital, and later this became regular. On bingwu, Li Zhun was made Provincial Commander of the Guangdong navy. Edit
Autumn, seventh month, on the first day, wushen, the garrison commands and camps of Hunan at Changde, Baoqing, Yongshun, Yuezhou, Lizhou, Linwu, Guiyang, Xuanfeng, Yongzhou, Wugang, Yuanzhou, Suijing, Chenzhou and Lingdong, together with the Deputy Generals, Assistant Generals, Majors, Captains, Defense Commandants and other officers of the Governor's guard and the Provincial Commander's guard, were abolished. On guichou, the Liao River was dredged. On bingchen, the Commissioners for Planning the Navy presented drawings and explanations of the flags and uniforms drawn up for the naval commanders, and the manager of the Military Advisory Office presented the provisional regulations of the Military Advisory Office that he had deliberated and drafted. Relief was given for floods in Pingxiang and other counties in Jiangxi. On dingsi, the autumn executions were suspended. The Ministry of Law presented supplementary trial regulations for the higher courts of every level and a draft general outline for the establishment of provincial courts. The Longwangdong coal and iron mine in the Jiangbei sub-prefecture of Chongqing, Sichuan, was opened. On wuwu, the silver and rice of the disaster-struck fields of Ludian and Zhenxiong, two sub-prefectures in Yunnan, were remitted. On jiashen, an Industrial Promotion Exposition was planned in Nanyang, and Zhang Renjun, Commissioner of the Southern Ports and Governor-General of Liangjiang, was ordered to be its chairman; the provinces were to organize associations to cooperate, and exhibits were exempt from duty and lijin. On xinyou, the coffin of Dezong, the Jing Emperor, was escorted to the mausoleum; the banner rents of the departments and counties along the route were remitted, and silver for seed grain was granted. On jiazi, the Grain and Salt Circuit of Henan was abolished, and two circuits, for police and for industry, were added. On wuchen, an edict ordered the provinces to put their stored grain in order. Compensation was given to Yonglin, Assistant of the Garden of the Summer Palace, of the eighth rank, who had died for remonstrating. On gengwu, consuls for the islands of the South Seas were added. On renshen, the Ministry of Education established a library in the capital. The Hongjiang society bandit Yao Qianshan was executed. On bingzi, Hubei sold grain at a stabilized price. Edit
Eighth month, on the first day, dingchou, Li Jiaju, Commissioner to Study Constitutional Government, presented books including an Investigation of Japan's Judicial System. On xinsi, the Ganhe coal mine at Mergen on the Nenjiang in Heilongjiang was opened. On jiashen, the Binjiang Circuit of Jilin was renamed the Northwest Circuit and the West Circuit the Southwest Circuit, and together with the Northeast Circuit and the Southeast Circuit established earlier they were all called Patrol and Military Defense Circuits. On yiyou, relief was given for the windstorm at Fuzhou in Fujian and the floods in the two departments and counties of Kailu and Pingquan in Rehe. On bingxu, the Tibetans were restless, and Zhao Erfeng suppressed and settled them. Li Jiaju, candidate Academician of the Grand Secretariat, was ordered to assist in managing the affairs of the Advisory Council. On wuzi, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed. The silver and rice due on the commoners' and salt-boilers' fields in Zhenhai County, Zhejiang, that had been dug away for dredging the river were remitted. On jichou, the Pingjiang gold mine, the Xinhua antimony mine and the Changning lead mine in Hunan were opened. On gengyin, the filial conduct of Chen Hongwei, a juren of Huangpi County in Hubei, who had given his life to save his father, was commended and ordered passed to the Historiography Bureau. On dingyou, the Grand Secretaries Sun Jia'nai and Zhang Zhidong both asked to retire because of illness. An edict consoled and retained them. On wuxu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce memorialized on a trial of industrial-promotion lottery public-debt notes. On jihai, the Grand Secretary Zhang Zhidong died, and was posthumously given the rank of Grand Guardian and sacrificed to in the Temple of Worthies. Dai Hongci was ordered to study the work as a probationer above the Grand Councillors. Tingjie was made Minister of Law, and Ge Baohua Minister of Rites. On gengzi, Chengxun was transferred to be Lieutenant-General of Rehe, and Puliang was made Lieutenant-General of Chahar. On guimao, gruel kitchens were opened in the capital to relieve the poor, and more than 2,500 shi of grain were issued; those which had already been changed into Bureaus for Education and Nurture and workhouses were still to be supplied, and this was to be regular every year. On yisi, the Commissioners for Revising the Laws presented the compiled current penal code, and it was referred to the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government for review and deliberation. On bingwu, an edict set the first day of the ninth month as the date for the provinces to convene their assemblymen and open their sessions, with a special repeated admonition. The edict said: "The members of the provincial assemblies should point out earnestly the benefits and harms of their localities and plan them well. Do not harbor private motives so as to hinder the public benefit, do not give rein to temper and disturb established rules, do not see matters as too easy and let your debates verge on the unruly, and do not leave powers unclear so that the laws set down may cause encroachment. The governors-general and governors should also accept what is offered with an open mind and weigh it before carrying it out, so that high and low may be of one heart and gradually come to good government. After the assemblies have opened, the governors-general and governors especially should follow the established regulations and exercise supervision in earnest, and make sure that the matters decided do not exceed their authority even slightly or violate the laws. Let all give their loyalty and love, to seek wealth and strength; We hold the greatest hopes of this." This month, Zaixun and Sa Zhenbing went abroad to inspect navies. Edit
Ninth month, on the first day, dingwei, the insignia of noble rank were first made and bestowed. On xinhai, the treaty of the Peace Conference with the Netherlands was concluded, and ratified and signed separately. On guichou, Zhao Erxun was ordered also to act as General of Chengdu. On yimao, the Cabinet jointly memorialized on the great ceremony of installing Dezong's tablet in the Ancestral Temple. An edict ordered that Muzong, the Emperor Yi, and Dezong, the Emperor Jing, were together to be temples of a hundred generations never to be removed, that the zhaomu order of the ancestors should divide the left from the right, and that zhaomu should not be used to divide the honored from the lesser. It was fixed that Dezong's tablet would be installed in the middle hall of the Ancestral Temple, to be enshrined in the mu position at the west, in the next bay, in the fifth chamber. In the front hall, next to Wenzong, the Xian Emperor, a mu position would be set up reverently, seated at the west facing east. The Hall of Honoring the Ancestors was to follow this. It was to be the fixed regulation forever. On dingsi, Chengquan, a viscount, and other students who had graduated from the Army School for the Imperial Kin were granted posts as imperial guards and promotion in different grades. On jiwei, the Advisory Council presented its election regulations. On renxu, a German traveling in Yunnan was killed by the angry Yi tribesmen; they were seized and executed. On jiazi, the Henan stretch of the Yellow River was calm. Relief was given for floods in the provincial capital of Guangdong and in the counties of Nanhai. On yichou, disasters struck Abaga, Abahanar, Haoqite and Wuzhumuqin of the Xilingol League, and 30,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief. Relief was given for floods in Zhenxiong and other departments and counties of Yunnan. On bingyin, the Yellow River was calm. Lu Chuanlin was appointed Grand Secretary of the Hall of Embodying Benevolence, and the Minister of Personnel Lu Runxiang Assistant Grand Secretary. Xiang Xiang and other students who had completed their studies abroad were granted the juren degree. On xinwei, the Academician Expositor of the Hanlin Academy was raised to the upper fourth rank, the Reader and the Expositor to the lower fourth rank, the Composition Secretary and the Senior Compiler to the upper fifth rank, and the Compiler and the Examiner to the lower fifth rank. A plaque was bestowed on the school founded by contributions from overseas Chinese in Java. On guiyou, the Southern River was calm. This month, a Korean, An Jung-geun, killed Ito Hirobumi, the former Resident-General in Korea of Japan, at Harbin. Edit
Winter, tenth month, on the first day, dingchou, Yi bandits at the two plank houses on the border of Xichang and Huili in Sichuan rose in disorder, and government troops suppressed them. The General of Chengdu, Ma Liang, died. On gengchen, Empress Xiaoqinxian was buried in the Eastern Ding Mausoleum at Putuoyu; the fixed taxes of the departments and counties through which the coffin passed were remitted, and silver for seed grain was granted for the wheat fields trampled flat. On yiyou, the spirit tablet of Empress Xiaoqinxian was installed in the Ancestral Temple, and the next day an edict was promulgated to the empire. On bingxu, it was fixed that the General of Chengdu need not command Songpan and Jianchang. Yukun was made General of Chengdu. On dinghai, Duanfang, Governor-General of Zhili, was stripped of office for violating the regulations. Chen Kuilong was transferred to be Governor-General of Zhili and Commissioner in charge of trade affairs, Ruicheng was made acting Governor-General of Huguang, and Baofen Governor of Jiangsu. Sun Baoqi was made Governor of Shandong and Ding Baoquan Governor of Shanxi. On jichou, an edict ordered that for the first and second terms of preparing constitutional government, officials inside and outside the court should exert their sincerity and take responsibility, and ordered the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government to examine the results reported; any who were procrastinating, perfunctory or slow and late in their measures were to be selected and impeached, and reported. On gengyin, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented its revised regulations for the official system of the Provincial Judicial Commissioners of the provinces. The Halagenangwei gold mine at Urga was opened. Yanzhi was relieved because of illness, and Sanduo was ordered to act as Amban at Urga. On xinmao, disaster struck the counties of Liyang, Jintan, Jingxi, Yixing, Dantu, Danyang and Zhenze in Jiangsu, and 30,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief. On guisi, the Ministry of Civil Affairs memorialized, citing precedent, asking that rice be granted, and that the numbers actually needed by each kitchen and institution for taking in the poor be verified; an edict ordered it done. Relief was given for floods in Dayao, Wenshan and other counties of Yunnan. On jiawu, the Grand Secretary Sun Jia'nai died, and was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Mentor and sacrificed to in the Temple of Worthies, with silver granted for his funeral. An edict held that Wang Zongyi, deceased, a Shanxi county magistrate for immediate appointment with the rank of fifth-rank chamberlain, had been outstanding in classical learning, and ordered his case passed to the Historiography Bureau. Idle imperial clansmen and Gioro who drew pay were granted one month's pay and grain, orphans and widows half a month's, and the officers and men of the Eight Banners, the Green Standard and the infantry camps half a month's, to be regular every year. On dingyou, the silver and rice of flooded fields in the dependencies of Yuanjiang Department in Yunnan were remitted. On gengzi, the Yellow River at Dongming was calm. On guimao, the reward money for capturing bandits in Guangdong was abolished, and from then on any civil or military official who again received reward money would be judged as having taken bribes. Li Duanfen, the former Minister of Rites, was restored to his original rank. On jiachen, the pearl tribute of Jilin was suspended for this year. On yisi, the gentry of Shuntian asked to establish shrines for the late Minister of Revenue Lishan and the Academician of the Grand Secretariat Lianyuan, and it was permitted. Edit
Eleventh month, on wushen, the fixed taxes and banner rents of eleven sub-prefectures and counties of Zhili, Wuqing and the others, and the fixed taxes of the three departments of Kaizhou, Dongming and Changyuan, were remitted. On jiyou, the emperor presented the honorific title of the Empress Dowager, his mother through joint succession, as Empress Dowager Longyu, and the next day an edict was promulgated to the empire. On guichou, the Ministry of Civil Affairs presented regulations for self-government elections in prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and counties. On guihai, Zhang Zhaodong, the former Governor of Fujian, was restored to his original rank. Twenty border guard posts were established at Aihui in Heilongjiang, from the Ergun River to the mouth of the Xun River. On yichou, a Commissioner for Salt Administration was established, with Zaize in the post; the governors-general and governors of the salt-producing provinces were joint managers of salt administration, and those of the provinces where salt was sold all held the title concurrently. On bingyin, Lu Runxiang was appointed Grand Secretary of the Hall of Embodying Benevolence, and Dai Hongci, as a minister, Assistant Grand Secretary. On xinwei, the Beile Yulang was made Commandant of the Infantry. On guiyou, the Censorate presented rules for mutual election. On yihai, the Ministry of Education presented regulations on the dress colors for girls' schools. Honor was shown to men with rare and lost learning: the late Hua Hengfang, candidate subprefect and department magistrate of a directly governed department in Zhili, his younger brother, the late Shifang, a department judge of a directly governed department, and the late Xu Shou, who held an honorary second-rank title, were all passed to the Historiography Bureau. Edit
Twelfth month, on jimao, an edict sought frank speech. On xinsi, the two counties of Antu and Fusong were added in Fengtian. On renwu, Zhan Tianyou and other specialist students who had studied abroad were granted the jinshi degree in engineering, letters and law, and the juren degree in engineering and the sciences. On guiwei, this year's grain and money taxes were remitted for eighty-nine departments and counties of Shandong, Qingcheng and the others, and for the guard posts and salt yards. On yiyou, the spirit tablet of Dezong, the Jing Emperor, was installed in the Hall of Honoring the Ancestors. Rice and cloth were granted to Mrs. Zhang, born Liu, a commoner's wife of Zhecheng County in Henan, and Mrs. Tian, born Li, a commoner's wife of Tongxu County, who had each given birth to three sons at one birth. Relief was given for disasters in thirteen sub-prefectures and counties of Guangdong, Foshan and the others. On bingxu, the Director of the Imperial Academy of Medicine was fixed at the fourth rank. On wuzi, the descendants of the meritorious men who had suppressed the Taiping, Nian and Hui rebels in the Xianfeng and Tongzhi years were recorded and given office in different grades. The rent on the banner households' land occupied by the barracks of the troops at Hunchun was remitted. On gengyin, Zhao Erfeng memorialized that Duogeshengji, the native chieftain of Dege in Sichuan, had surrendered his territory; rotating officials were established in its place, and the native sub-chief was granted the rank of Captain, hereditary. On renchen, Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, was relieved of the management of the Army School for the Imperial Kin, and the Beile Zairun replaced him. On guisi, Longhua County was added in Rehe. On yiwei, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented regulations on the prohibition of opium and they were promulgated. Chen Baozhen, the late former Governor of Hunan, was restored to his original rank. On bingshen, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented articles prohibiting the buying and selling of persons. On wuxu, the Ministry of Law presented regulations for disciplining judges. On jihai, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented regulations for the elections for local self-government in the capital. On gengzi, the Left and Right Assistant Directors of the Imperial Academy of Medicine were raised to the fifth rank. On renyin, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented regulations on local self-government for prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and counties, and regulations on the election of members of the deliberative councils of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and counties. On guimao, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented the Law on the Organization of Courts, together with provisional regulations on the examination and appointment of judges, the division of judicial districts, and the cases under the jurisdiction of the primary and local trial courts. Edit
Second year of Xuantong (1910)
The second year, gengxu. Spring, first month, on the first day, bingwu, congratulations at court were not received. On jiyou, the New Army at Guangzhou rose in mutiny, and the Training Army suppressed it. On xinhai, an edict held that people's minds were unsettled and parties and societies numerous, entering the army camps and conspiring to incite, and ordered the Military Advisory Office, the Ministry of the Army, and the Commissioners of the Southern and Northern Ports to inspect the new and old armies strictly; soldiers especially should value obeying their commanders' orders, and any who assembled crowds to hold meetings or give speeches were also to be strictly investigated and prohibited. Datong County in Jilin was moved to the south bank of the Songhua River and renamed Fangzheng County. On yimao, the Guangdong revolutionaries Wang Zhankui and others were executed. On dingsi, the Dalai Lama, fearing the arrival of Sichuan troops, fled. An edict ordered Lianyu and others still to send officials to escort him back to Tibet. On xinyou, an edict stripped Awang Luobuzang Tubudan Jiacuo Jizhai Wangqu Quelelangjie of the name and title of Dalai Lama. The Salt Administration Office presented trial regulations for the Commissioner for Salt Administration. On guihai, the Assistant Grand Secretary Dai Hongci died, and was posthumously granted the rank of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with silver granted for his funeral. Lu Haihuan and others presented the regulations of the Red Cross Society of China, and Sheng Xuanhuai was ordered to be its chairman. The Investigating Censor Jiang Chunlin, because he had argued that Yikuang, Prince Qing, was harming the state, was rebuked and returned to his original office. The Minister of Posts and Communications Xu Shichang was ordered to be Assistant Grand Secretary, and the Academician of the Grand Secretariat Wu Yusheng to study the work as a probationer above the Grand Councillors. On jiazi, the Beile Zaitao, manager of the Military Advisory Office, asked to go to the eight countries of Japan, the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Russia to inspect their armies. On xinwei, Britain held an international conference on the reform of penal law, and the Ministry of Law memorialized asking to send Xu Qian, head of the procuratorate, to attend. On jiaxu, an edict said: "In preparing for constitutional government, we should dissolve fixed views and wholly eliminate differences. From now on, Manchu and Han civil and military officials, in memorializing on any matter, shall all call themselves your servant (chen), to show uniformity and demonstrate great harmony." Edit
Second month, on the first day, yihai, Lianyu asked that the new Galedan Chiba Luobuzangdanba act for the affairs of Front Tibet. On bingzi, foreign merchants were forbidden to buy and ship rice from Hunan. On xinsi, Tieliang was relieved because of illness, Yinchang was made Minister of the Army, and Liang Dunyan joint manager of the Tax Bureau. The unpaid levies of the first year of Xuantong on the wasteland salt-fields were remitted at the four salt yards of Renhe, Haisha, Baolang and Luli in Zhejiang and the two salt yards of Hengpu and Pudong in Jiangsu. On renwu, the old arrears of the four departments and counties of Shaanxi, Yulin and the others, and the rice and bundled fodder of the granary of Yulin Prefecture, were remitted. On yiyou, Liang Cheng, Reader-in-waiting Academician of the Grand Secretariat, was made minister to Germany. On dinghai, the Ministry of Civil Affairs presented the revised press law, and it was referred to the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government for review and report. On jichou, a further 30,000 taels of treasury silver were issued as relief for the disaster in Anhui. On renchen, the tax arrears of the first year of Xuantong of the Wuchang sub-prefecture and Huadian County in Jilin were remitted. On jiawu, Lianyu memorialized that the monks and laity of Lari, and the Tibetan troops of Gongbu, had surrendered and submitted. On bingshen, Ge Baohua died; Rongqing was transferred to be Minister of Rites, and Tang Jingchong was made Minister of Education. On jihai, generous compensation was given to the late Xia Yuxiu, Provincial Commander of Hubei. On guimao, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government presented the outline of administration. The Commissioners for Planning the Navy memorialized on the names and duties of the departments. Edit
Third month, on the first day, yisi, Wang Shizhen was relieved because of illness, and Lei Zhenchun was ordered to act as Provincial Commander of Jiangbei. On jiyou, heterodox bandits at Weining in Yunnan attacked Zhaocheng, and government troops destroyed them; the bandit leader Li Laomo was executed. On xinhai, the people of Hunan, in famine, raised a riot, and an edict ordered the chief leaders seized and those who had been coerced dispersed. On renzi, Cen Chunming, Governor of Hunan, was dismissed, and Yang Wending was ordered to act temporarily in his place. Yang Shiqi was sent to Nanyang to be Chief Examiner of the Industrial Exposition. On dingsi, prayers for rain were made. On gengshen, it rained. Ding Ruchang, the late Provincial Commander of the Navy, was restored to his original rank. The old system of review at the autumn assizes was abolished. An edict ordered the governors-general and governors of the provinces along the river to sell grain at a stabilized price. Wu Chongxi, Governor of Henan, was dismissed, and Baofen replaced him. Cheng Dequan was transferred to be Governor of Jiangsu. On renxu, because the late Chancellor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, Yuan Chang, had left a beloved memory among the people, a shrine was permitted to be built for him at Wuhu County in Anhui. On guihai, the Governor of Fengtian was abolished. Guangfu was appointed General of Ili. On jiazi, the revolutionaries Wang Zhaoming, Huang Fusheng and Luo Shixun plotted to blast the Prince Regent with explosive bombs; the plot was discovered, and they were arrested and put in the prison of the Ministry of Law. On gengwu, Mrs. Pan, wife of Kong Lingbao of Qufu in Shandong, who had died with her husband as a chaste wife, was honored and her case passed to the Historiography Bureau. Edit
Summer, fourth month. On the first day, jiaxu, an edict ordered that the Advisory Council open on the first day of the ninth month of this year, and that eighty-eight members be selected by imperial choice from imperial princes, dukes and hereditary nobles, officials of the ministries and offices from the imperial clan and the Gioro lineages, and learned scholars of wide attainment, to be summoned in advance. On bingzi, the Grain Intendant of Fujian was abolished, and the Police Intendant and the Intendant for the Promotion of Industry were newly established. On dingchou, Zaitao was appointed Special Envoy to go to Britain to offer condolences and sacrifice. On wuyin, Wu Kuangshi and six others, graduates returned from studying abroad, were awarded the degrees of jinshi in engineering and juren in law and government, with differences of grade. On gengchen, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government and the Commissioner for Revising the Laws presented the current criminal code, and it was ordered to be promulgated. An edict said: "This criminal code is a preparation for adopting the new code. The courts of inquiry, within the capital and outside it, must study it with their whole minds and hear and decide cases according to the law. They must not vary it at will, so as to wrong the innocent or let the guilty go." On guiwei an edict said: "The newly added Police Intendants and Intendants for the Promotion of Industry in the provinces were established in the hope of protecting public order and stimulating industry. Let the governors-general and governors examine with care the men who have already been appointed; if any is not equal to the post or is unsuited to the vacancy, let it be reported and another appointed at once, without shielding or favouring anyone." On yiyou, Lianyu requested that an official be established in each of Qushui, Halawusu, Jiangda, Shannan, Shuobanduo and the Thirty-nine Tribes in Tibet, and that the two Tibetan factories for making guns and coins be closed. Qian Xun, formerly Minister to Italy, presented his "Explanation of the Treaties of the Peace Conference". On dinghai, because the salt smugglers and secret-society bandits north of the Yangtze came and went without pattern, Lei Zhenchun was instructed to suppress or pacify them. On jichou, the Ministry of Finance submitted the regulations on the exchange of the new currency. An edict said: "The unit of the national currency is named the yuan. For the time being silver is taken as the standard, with the one-yuan coin as the principal coin, weighing seven qian two fen by the treasury scale. In addition, three silver coins of fifty cents, twenty-five cents and ten cents, a nickel coin of five cents, and four copper coins of two cents, one cent, five li and one li shall be subsidiary coins. The yuan, jiao, fen and li shall each go by tens; this is fixed as the standing rule." Lianfang was made General of Jingzhou. On gengyin, it was fixed that the ten who paid the most tax in the supplementary selection should be members. On xinmao, Wang Daxie, Vice Minister of Posts and Communications, was appointed Minister to Japan. On guisi, Liang Dunyan was relieved because of illness, and Zou Jialai was made acting Minister of Foreign Affairs and Associate Commissioner. The rents and reed levies of Wenyi Islet in Shishou County, Hubei, were remitted. On bingshen, Cen Chunming, Governor of Hunan, was stripped of office. Edit
Fifth month. On bingchen, the Pacification Subprefect for the Yi at Alasuo in Ningyuan, Sichuan, was promoted to Pacification Assistant Prefect of Yanbian Subprefecture. On wuwu, Changde Prefecture in Hunan suffered flood disaster, and 20,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. Li Jingxi reported that Zhenkang Native Department, subordinate to Yongchang Prefecture in Yunnan, was changed to rule by regular officials, and that Yongkang Department was newly established. The silver and grain taxes of Luliang Department in Yunnan, which had suffered drought, were remitted. On xinyou, relief was given for the flood disaster at Haizhou and other places north of the Yangtze. On guihai, the Censorate transmitted on behalf of Sun Hongyi and other members of the provincial assemblies, together with representatives of the banner population of the provinces, a petition asking that the national assembly be opened quickly. An edict was issued to proclaim to them that they should still wait until the nine years' preparations were complete, when an edict would be sent down fixing a date for summoning the members. On jiazi, the rents owed by tenants in the Miao territory of Hunan were remitted, as were the arrears of military-colony rent grain in the seven subprefectures and counties of Fenghuang, Qianzhou, Yongsui, Baojing, Luxi, Mayang and Guzhangping in Hunan. On jisi, relief was given for the disaster in Hubei. On xinwei, the Assistant Prefect for River Defence of Tongjiang Subprefecture in Fengtian was abolished. Edit
Sixth month. On renwu, Heilongjiang suffered disaster, and 20,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On yiyou, Wang Daxie presented the books he had compiled from his investigation of constitutional government in Britain. On jichou, Beile Zaixun, Commissioner for the Management of Naval Affairs, was appointed Commissioner for Participation in Government Affairs. On renchen, Hu Weide, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed Associate Commissioner of the Customs Office. On bingshen an edict said: "The governors-general and governors of the provinces toil at administration and are anxious about raising funds, but are constantly negligent in examining their officials. They do not know that when the government of officials is not put in order, the people are wearied and wealth is wasted, and the beginnings of disorder will arise from this; how then can the new policies be carried out? Let each of them choose with care their prefects and magistrates, picking men for the place; this is the supreme plan for pacifying the localities." On wuxu an edict ordered all ministries and offices and all governors-general and governors to impeach strictly corrupt officials and venal clerks, and instructed imperial relatives and great ministers within the capital and outside to cultivate their character and sharpen their conduct, setting their own persons in order and leading their subordinates. On jihai, Zaize and Shouxun were ordered, together with Amuer Linggui and Zairun, to investigate and deal with the Vanguard Camp and the Guards Camps of the three banners of the Imperial Household Department, and to fix regulations and report them. In this month, in Laiyang, Shandong, the gentry and the people became enemies of one another, and the bandit leader Qu Siwen gathered over ten thousand men, besieged and attacked the city, and plundered and killed officers and soldiers; Haiyang, too, rose in disorder over the collection of taxes in cash and grain. Both were soon pacified. Edit
Autumn, seventh month. On jiachen, the Grain Intendant of Fujian was abolished and an Intendant for the Promotion of Industry established. Ruixing was relieved, and Zhirui was made General of Hangzhou. On yisi, Ruicheng and Yang Wending reported that the bandit forces were spreading in Hunan and proposed to carry out the method of clearing the countryside; this was approved. On wushen an edict ordered the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, together with the governors-general and governors, to survey mineral resources and plan carefully for opening them. On gengxu an edict urged the governors-general and governors to survey and prepare registers of the uncultivated lands of officials and people and of the climate and suitable crops, to promote crafts and industry, and to report to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce for memorial to the throne. On renzi, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce set up a factory for making instruments of measure and weight. On guichou, Beile Zaitao memorialised on investigating the military administration of other countries: crimes committed by military men should all be tried and judged by the military law conference, and the ordinary courts should have no part in hearing them. An edict ordered it carried out. On jiayin, Shixu and Wu Yusheng were relieved as Grand Councillors, and Yulang and Xu Shichang were made Grand Councillors. Tang Shaoyi was made acting Minister of Posts and Communications. Yulang was relieved as Commandant of the Infantry Guard and as Commissioner exclusively in charge of training the Imperial Guard. Wuzhen was ordered to act concurrently as Commandant of the Infantry Guard. Diplomatic commissioners for the provinces were established. Tian Xinian, a battalion commander of the army in Xinjiang, was executed for having killed without authority and caused disorder. On bingchen, Wannan, Nanling, Suzhou, Lingbi and other places in Anhui suffered flood disaster, and 40,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On dingsi, the Ministry of Law submitted the articles of the autumn assizes. On gengshen, Tang Shouqian, formerly Provincial Education Commissioner of Jiangxi and General Manager of the Zhejiang railway, was stripped of office for having impeached Sheng Xuanhuai as the chief offender in the Su-Zhe railway affair. On xinyou, relief was given to the famine-stricken people of northern Anhui. Zhongrui was made Amban of Kobdo. Liankui was relieved as Governor of Xinjiang and He Yansheng replaced him. The Provincial Judges of the provinces were changed to Provincial Judicial Commissioners. On jiazi, the Grand Secretary Lu Chuanlin died; he was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Guardian, tablets were set up for him in the Temple of Worthy and Good Men, and silver was granted for his funeral. On yichou, Shen Ruilin, Counsellor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the right to attend, was appointed Minister to Austria, and Liu Yulin, Right Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed plenipotentiary delegate to the international opium conference in Holland. On wuchen, Fengtian opened the port of Huludao. On jisi, the Assistant Prefect of Nehe Directly Administered Subprefecture in Heilongjiang was established. In this month, Zaixun and Sa Zhenbing again went to the United States and Japan to investigate their navies. Edit
Eighth month. On jiaxu, Zhendong County in Fengtian was established. On yihai, Qingrui was relieved and Tieliang was made General of Jiangning. On guiwei, Shen Jiaben was appointed Deputy President of the Advisory Council. On jiashen, Liu Yulin, Right Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed Minister to Britain. On dinghai, the Ministry of Dependencies memorialised on adapting the old rules forbidding the opening of land beyond the frontier, the taking of Mongol women in marriage by Chinese, the employment of clerks and teachers from the interior in Inner and Outer Mongolia, the arbitrary use of Chinese in official documents, and the giving of Chinese-character names to Mongols; this was granted. Zhaojue County in Sichuan was newly established. On jichou, Lianfang was relieved and Fengshan was made General of Jingzhou. Yinchang was ordered to act concurrently as Commissioner for Training the divisions of the capital region. On jiazi, it was ordered that all the army divisions of the capital region come under the control of the Ministry of the Army. The Office of Training Supervision in the capital region was abolished. A Salt Controller for Fengtian was newly established. The Salt and Tea Intendant of Sichuan was changed into a Salt Controller, and tea affairs were put under the Intendant for the Promotion of Industry. On yiwei, because the reports on the prohibition of opium-poppy planting had been embellished, the matter was referred to the governors-general and governors of Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shanxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Xinjiang for discussion by the ministry, and the provinces were instructed again to investigate and prohibit it strictly. On bingwu, Xu Shichang was appointed Grand Secretary of the Tiren Hall, and Li Dianlin, Minister of Personnel, was made Assistant Grand Secretary. On dingyou, because the Nepalese king Bire Titi Bigaerma Shengxie Re Zengga Ba Gadure Saha had refused Tibet's request for relief troops, an edict commended him. On gengzi, relief was given for the flood disaster in Hua and Weinan, two departments and counties of Shaanxi. Edit
Ninth month. On the first day, xinchou, the Advisory Council held its opening ceremony, and the Prince Regent attended the assembly and gave a speech of instruction. On renyin, Wu Naichen and 458 others, graduates returned from studying abroad, were granted degrees of jinshi and juren in letters, medicine, natural science, agriculture, engineering, commerce, and law and government, with differences of grade. On guimao, the land taxes and fodder of the land that had suffered disaster the year before were remitted in nine subprefectures, departments and counties of Gansu: He, Jin, Weiyuan, Fuqiang, Anding, Huining, Ninglin, Xunhua and Qin. On bingwu, Xuzhou and other places north of the Yangtze suffered rain and flood disaster, and the Ministry of Finance was ordered to issue silver from the treasury as relief. On yisi, Xinqin, acting General of Suiyuan City and Commissioner for Land Reclamation, was relieved because of illness, and Kunxiu was transferred to replace him. Kuifang was made General of Uliastai. On wushen, the Ministry of Finance was ordered to issue a further 20,000 taels of silver from the treasury as relief for the disaster in northern Anhui. On renzi, Zhang Renjun, because the market in Shanghai was in critical condition, asked to borrow foreign loans to ease it, and to ship 500,000 taels of silver from the treasury; this was granted. On guichou, the Yongding River was calm. Relief was given for the flood disaster in Mianzhu and other subprefectures and counties of Sichuan. On jiayin, the Superintendent of the Hailong hunting grounds was abolished. On bingchen an edict ordered the provinces to recommend men of worth and uprightness, to be selected with strictness. On jiwei, the deeds of Wu Xun, the righteous beggar of Tangyi in Shandong who had amassed money to found schools, were ordered handed to the History Office. The Assistant Prefect of Changde Prefecture in Hunan and the Assistant Prefect of the Changan Camp in Baoqing Prefecture were abolished. On guihai an edict stated that the reclamation of Suiyuan City was urgent, and that all officials from the frontier intendants and subprefectures downward whose duties touched on reclamation were to be under the control of the Commissioner for Land Reclamation. On bingyin, Yang Shu was relieved because of illness, and Li Guojie, Right Assistant Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, was appointed Minister to Belgium. Relief was given for the flood disaster in Heilongjiang. On dingmao, Yuan Shuxun was relieved because of illness, and Zhang Mingqi was ordered to act as Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi. Shen Bingkun was made Governor of Yunnan. On wuchen, the posts of Colonel, Major, Captain and Lieutenant in Guizhou were abolished. The arrears of taxes and seed grain owed by the people of eleven subprefectures and counties of Xinjiang, Dihua and others, were remitted. Edit
Tenth month. On guiyou an edict changed the opening of the national assembly to the fifth year of Xuantong, since the governors-general and governors of the provinces had mostly spoken of it, and since, moreover, the people's representatives of the provincial assemblies of Shuntian, Zhili and other provinces had petitioned for a quick opening of the national assembly; hence this order. On jiaxu, Pulun and Zaize were appointed Commissioners for Drafting the Constitution. On yihai, the Yellow River was calm. On dingchou, bandit disorder broke out at Cenxi in Guangxi; the official troops suppressed it, and the bandit leader Chen Rongan was executed. Cheng Wenbing died; Cheng Yunhe was made Provincial Commander of the Yangtze River Navy, and Zhang Xun, Provincial Commander of Gansu, was ordered to take over command of the camps at Pukou in Jiangnan. The silver and rice due from Lingzhou in Gansu, which had suffered flood, were remitted. On gengchen, Zengyun memorialised that Zhejiang would abolish the Green Standard Army and reorganise it into a navy. On xinsi an edict declared that, because the opening of the assembly had been brought forward to the fifth year of Xuantong, the competent offices were charged to prepare in earnest; the ministries of Civil Affairs, Finance, Law and Education all had duties to bear, and should plan the whole matter in advance, distinguishing the most important from the less important, and report in detail. It also admonished and encouraged the governors-general and governors of the provinces to rouse their spirit and carry it out in earnest, and not to delay or shift responsibility again and so miss the time limit. On renwu, He Yansheng died, and Yuan Dahua was made Governor of Xinjiang. On wuxu, a shrine was granted in the provincial capital of Jiangning to the late Grand Secretary Zhang Zhidong, formerly acting Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi. Edit
Eleventh month. On guimao, the Ministers, Vice Ministers, Left and Right Assistant Ministers and Counsellors of the Ministry of the Army were abolished, and one Minister of the Army and one Deputy Minister were established in their place. A Ministry of the Navy was established, with one Minister of the Navy and one Deputy Minister. Yinchang was made Minister of the Army, with Shouxun as his deputy. Beile Zaixun was made Minister of the Navy, with Tan Xueheng as his deputy. On yisi, Sa Zhenbing, Provincial Commander of the Navy, was ordered to command the cruiser fleet on the Yangtze. On bingwu, the people of Dayao County in Yunnan rose in disorder, entered the city, broke open the prison and killed men; the official troops suppressed them, and the bandit leaders Chen Wenpei and Deng Liangchen were both executed. On jiyou, Feng Xu, formerly Governor of Anhui, was appointed Commissioner for Famine Relief in Jiangsu and Anhui. On renzi, the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce presented the "Illustrated Treatise on Cotton" which it had compiled. On dingsi, the Advisory Council said that the responsibility of the Grand Councillors was unclear and they were hard to rely on as assistants, and asked that a responsible cabinet be established. An edict said that the court had its own judgment, in which the officials of the Council were not entitled to interfere on their own, and rebuked them. Lei Zhenchun was dismissed, and Duan Qirui was ordered to act as Provincial Commander of Jiangbei. On gengshen, Chen Kuilong reported that the provincial assembly of Shuntian and Zhili had petitioned that the national assembly be opened the very next year; he was instructed that the preparations were already feared to be too late if brought forward, and how could the matter be discussed again and the plan altered; he was ordered to proclaim this earnestly, and further demands and importunate memorials were not to be permitted. An additional sixty shi of granary rice was granted to the Bureau for General Relief, Care and Instruction, to be the regular monthly amount. On xinyou, Higher Courts of Trial and Procuratorial Offices were established in the provinces, with a chief judge and a head in each; Hunan was to establish its own later. On guihai, representatives of the petitioners for a national assembly from the three Eastern Provinces came to the capital and petitioned that the national assembly be opened the next year. The Grand Councillors reported it. An edict ordered the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Office of the Commandant of the Infantry Guard to compel them to return to their native places and not linger, and any who came to the capital again or gathered crowds in the provinces were to be investigated and punished. On jiazi an edict urged the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government to draw up a list of preparations, and to draft the official system of the cabinet at the same time and memorialise it. A shrine was granted to the late Grand Secretary Zhang Zhidong in the provincial capital of Hubei. On yichou, Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, asked to be relieved as Grand Councillor and as head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; a gracious edict consoled him and kept him in office. On jisi, the Advisory Council asked that an edict clearly order the cutting of the queue and the change of dress. Edit
Twelfth month. On renshen, the provinces were instructed to proclaim to the schools that students were forbidden to meddle in politics or gather crowds to make demands, and offenders would be severely punished. On bingzi, Tang Shaoyi was relieved because of illness, and Sheng Xuanhuai was made Minister of Posts and Communications. On dingchou, the Mongols of the four banners of the Right Wing of Chahar suffered disaster, and 10,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On jimao, Zhirui asked to adapt the old system of striking names from the banner registers. On xinsi, Zengqi was summoned to an audience, and Fuqi was ordered to act as General of Guangzhou. On renwu, Zhao Erxun was summoned to an audience. On guiwei, the ban on opium was reaffirmed: local officials who still embellished their reports as before were to be punished, and the Ministries of Civil Affairs and Finance were ordered to examine them. The governors-general of the provinces were ordered to deliberate with the princes and ministers of the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government on the official system of the outer provinces. On yiyou, the counties and departments of Jiangsu were abolished and merged, and courts of trial were established. At Jiangning, Jiangning was merged into Shangyuan; at Suzhou, Changzhou and Yuanhe were merged into Wu; Jiangdu was merged into Ganquan, Zhaowen into Changshu, Xinyang into Kunshan, Zhenze into Wujiang, Lou into Huating, Yanghu into Wujin, Jingui into Wuxi, and Jingxi into Yixing. On dinghai, the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government submitted the revised list of yearly preparations drawn up as ordered. The Jilin naval camp's soldiers were disbanded. On wuzi, bandits in Sichuan occupied Qianjiang County and made disorder; the official troops beat them back and recovered the city. On jichou, Li Jiaju, Commissioner for Investigating Constitutional Government, presented his "Study of the Japanese Tax System" and "Study of the Japanese Accounting System". On guisi, the Sichuan bandit leader Wen Chaozhong fled into the territory of Xianfeng County in Hubei and was seized and beheaded. On yiwei, Zaizhen, General Who Guards the State with the rank of Beizi, was appointed Special Envoy of the First Class to congratulate the British king on his coronation. The Advisory Council deliberated and decided on the general and special parts of the new criminal code, and an edict ordered them promulgated. On bingshen, the arrears of taxes of the thirty-third year of Guangxu in sixty-four prefectures, subprefectures, departments and counties of Shaanxi, Xianning and others, were remitted, as were the grain, silver and fodder of the Guangyou Granary. On dingyou, the Advisory Council submitted the regulations for a unified national treasury which it had deliberated and decided. On wuxu, the Advisory Council reported its decision on the general budget of revenue and expenditure for the third year of Xuantong. Tingjie died, and Shaochang was made Minister of Law. On jihai, the Lanzhou Circuit of Gansu was abolished and an Intendant for the Promotion of Industry established. In this month there was famine on the Yangtze and Huai, and people ate one another. Plague broke out in the three Eastern Provinces. Edit
Third year of Xuantong (1911)
Third year, xinhai. Spring, first month. On the first day, gengzi, because plague was being guarded against outside Shanhai Pass, and the weather was cold and the roads obstructed, Chen Kuilong and Xiliang were instructed to settle the workers of the provinces. On bingwu, Feng Xu reported on his survey of the disaster conditions in Xu and Huai. On jiyou, the land silver and grain of forty subprefectures, departments and counties of Jiangsu, Changzhou and others, were remitted. On gengxu, relief was given for the flood disaster in Gaoyou, Baoying, Qinghe, Andong, Shanyang, Funing and other counties of Jiangsu. On jiayin, the Ministry of Finance submitted the regulations on the national budget. On bingchen, mourning dress was removed. The censor Hu Sijing impeached the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government, saying that new offices should not be set up recklessly nor the old offices all abolished; upright men should be used to draft, and public opinion should be adopted before promulgating. His memorial was sent down to the Office of Government Affairs. On gengshen, Zhirui was transferred to be General of Ili, and Guangfu to be General of Hangzhou. On yichou, unlawful punishments were abolished. For all offences from exile downward, torture was not to be used in examination. The Ministry of Law submitted that Yigu, the dismissed General of Suiyuan City, be sentenced to death for his crimes. An edict changed it to garrison service in Xinjiang to atone for his crimes by labour. On yisi, Zhou Shumo was ordered to join in surveying the Sino-Russian border. In this month plague struck the people of Zhili and Shandong. Edit
Second month. On the first day, gengwu, a shrine was granted in the provincial capital of Hunan to the late Grand Secretary Wang Wenshao, formerly Governor of Hunan. Feng Xu asked that the Sui River be dredged. The Ministry of Civil Affairs submitted the household registration law it had drawn up. On renshen, the officials in charge were instructed to guard against the plague and not to disturb people on pretexts, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Office of the Commandant of the Infantry Guard and Shuntian Prefecture were ordered to proclaim to the people, in the spirit of protecting their livelihood. On yihai, the three native chieftainships of Dege, Chunke and Gaori in Sichuan were changed to rule by regular officials, and Bianbei Circuit, Dengke Prefecture, Dehua and Baiyu Departments, and Shuqu and Tongpu Counties were established. It was fixed that offenders who should be sent to military posts in Xinjiang be sent instead to Ba [Batang] and Tibet. On bingzi, the land and grain silver and rice of the disaster-struck fields of three departments and counties of Yunnan, Kunming and others, were remitted. On dingchou, the land taxes and tribute rice on wasteland in thirty departments and counties of Zhejiang, Renhe and others, in the Hang and Yan Guards, and in the Qu and Yan Battalions, were remitted. On wuyin, the Ministers and Deputy Ministers of the Ministries of the Army and Navy were changed to Lieutenant-Generals and Deputy Lieutenant-Generals, still held by Yinchang, Shouxun, Zaixun and Tan Xueheng. The British occupied Pianma. On guiwei, Li Jiaju was ordered to compose lectures and present them by rotation. On bingxu, the Associate Amban in Tibet was abolished, and Left and Right Counsellors were established. On dinghai, a tablet reading "Steadfast Heart, Resolute Will" was bestowed on the Huixing Girls' School in Zhejiang. On jichou, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs submitted the regulations on the award and conferral of decorations. Chen Bangrui, Right Vice Minister of Finance, Li Jiaju, Right Vice Minister of Education, and Wang Rongbao, Left Counsellor of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, were ordered to assist in drafting the constitution. Chengxun was made General of Guangzhou, and Putin Military Governor of Rehe. Beizi Pulun was made Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Shixu President of the Advisory Council with Li Jiaju as his deputy, and Liu Ruozeng Commissioner for Revising the Laws. On renchen, foreign merchants were forbidden to bring salt into the country. A full consul was newly established for British Penang. Edit
Third month. On gengzi, Liu Ruiheng was made Provincial Commander of Yunnan. The Office of Inspection and Guard was abolished, and an Office for the Affairs of the Vanguard, Guards and other camps was established; the guards of the three banners remained under the Imperial Household Department. The Ministry of the Army reported that Jiao Dian, an official of the Surveying Bureau of the three Eastern Provinces, had taken bribes and sold secret maps; he was executed. On xinchou, the two counties of Chengde and Jin in Fengtian were abolished. On renyin, the Brigade Generals of the two garrisons of Chuanbei and Chongqing in Sichuan were abolished. On guimao, six articles of instruction were issued to military men: be loyal, observe propriety, honour martial courage, value good faith and righteousness, be plain and simple, and hold honour and shame important. On dingwei, He Zonglian, Li Kuiyuan and others, commanders of the army divisions and brigades, were granted the ranks of Deputy Lieutenant-General of the army and Brigade Lieutenant-General, with differences of grade. On wushen, Jilin dredged the navigation channel of the Tumen River so that it reached the sea. On jiyou, Wu Zonglian, Minister to Italy, was appointed Special Envoy to congratulate Italy on the celebrations of its founding. On gengxu, revolutionaries killed Fuqi, acting General of Guangzhou, with a bomb. On renzi, Sa Zhenbing was made Deputy Lieutenant-General of the Navy. Zhao Erfeng reported the pacification of the wild tribes of the Three Cliffs, and the two native chieftainships of Kongsa and Mashu were changed to rule by regular officials. On jiayin, Zhang Mingqi was appointed Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi. On yimao, Zaize, Minister of Finance, concluded a loan contract with the banks of four countries, Britain, the United States, Germany and France. On bingchen, Zhirui, General of Ili, was granted the rank of Minister, and the civil and military officials of the Ili region were put under his control. The silver and grain taxes of the second year of Xuantong on the fields and ponds of thirty-seven departments and counties of Zhejiang, Renhe and others, and of the guards and battalions, were remitted. On wuwu, because of disaster in Jiangsu, Anhui and Henan, Feng Xu was ordered to join the governors-general and governors of the three provinces in arranging spring relief. On jiwei, Holland convened an opium-suppression conference at The Hague, and Liang Cheng, Minister to Germany, was ordered to attend. Relief was given for the disaster among the Mongol nomads of Zhahaqin in Kobdo. On gengshen, Xiliang was relieved because of illness, and Zhao Erxun was transferred to be Governor-General of the three Eastern Provinces, given the rank of Imperial Commissioner, and put in concurrent charge of the affairs of the Generals of the three provinces. The title of Provincial Judicial Commissioner was added to the Intendant of Rehe in Zhili. On xinyou, Zhao Erfeng was ordered to act as Governor-General of Sichuan, and Wang Renwen as Commissioner for Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan. Nie Jiqui, formerly Governor of Zhejiang, who had mourned his parent so grievously that he damaged his health and died, had his filial conduct handed to the History Office. On guihai, the Han Confucian Zhao Qi and the Yuan Confucian Liu Yin were both given a place in the sacrifices of the Confucian temple. Chinese merchants founded the Datong School at Yokohama in Japan, and a tablet reading "Nurture Talent, Widen Learning" was bestowed. On dingmao, the revolutionary Huang Xing led his followers to burn the yamen of the Governor-General at Guangzhou, and they were driven off. Edit
Summer, fourth month. On xinwei, Yang Wending asked that the abolition of the Green Standard Army and defence forces of Hunan be deferred. On jiaxu, Zhong Shiming, Wang Yingzhi and others, graduates returned from studying abroad, were granted the degrees of jinshi and juren in law and government and juren in engineering, with differences of grade. On bingzi, Zhao Erxun memorialised asking that in employing men and conducting administration he be allowed to act as convenient; this was granted. On dingchou, the officers of the Governor's and Brigade General's standard camps of Shandong were abolished. On wuyin an edict changed the government to a responsible cabinet. The official system of the cabinet was promulgated. Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, was appointed Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and the Grand Secretaries Na Tong and Xu Shichang both Assistant Prime Ministers. Liang Dunyan was made Minister of Foreign Affairs, Shanqi Minister of Civil Affairs, Zaize Minister of Finance, Tang Jingchong Minister of Education, Yinchang Minister of the Army, Zaixun Minister of the Navy, Shaochang Minister of Justice, Pulun Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Sheng Xuanhuai Minister of Posts and Communications, and Shouqi Minister of Dependencies. It was further ordered that the Prime Minister and Assistant Prime Ministers of the Cabinet should all be State Ministers, that the Prime Minister and Assistant Prime Ministers should serve as ministers of the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government, and that Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, should still manage the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A Privy Council was established, with Lu Runxiang as its President and Rongqing as Vice President. The old Cabinet, the Office for Handling Military Affairs and the Office for Deliberating Government Affairs were abolished. The Grand Secretaries and Assistant Grand Secretaries were still ranked in order within the Hanlin Academy. Officials from the Cabinet Reader-in-Waiting downward were abolished. A Military Advisory Office was established, with Beile Zaitao and Yulang both as Military Advisers, and they were ordered to draw up the official system for the Office. Zhao Erxun, together with Chen Kuilong, Zhang Renjun, Ruicheng and Li Jingxi, was ordered to consult with the ministers of the Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government and settle the official system of the outer provinces. On jimao, Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, and the Grand Secretaries Na Tong and Xu Shichang all begged to resign as Prime Minister and Assistant Prime Ministers of the Cabinet; this was not granted, and they were urged to take up their duties at once. The ban on opium was reaffirmed, and the Ministries of Civil Affairs and Finance and the governors-general and governors of the provinces were instructed to stamp it out within a time limit. An edict fixed the nationalisation of railways. Previously the supervising secretary Shi Changxin had memorialised on the harms of the companies set up by merchants and people of the provinces to raise shares and build railways, saying that the ministers should be ordered to fix the trunk lines of the whole country as state property, while the remaining branch lines might be built by gentry and merchants of the provinces raising shares themselves; the emperor approved this and sent it down to the Ministry of Posts and Communications for discussion. Now the Ministry memorialised: "China is vast in extent and its frontiers distant; there must be great trunk lines running lengthwise and crosswise through the four borders, if administration is to be made convenient and the centre held. In earlier planning matters were not well arranged, so that railway administration fell into confusion and divergence, trunk and branch were not distinguished, the people's strength was not measured, and on a single sheet of petition private management was readily approved. In the several years since, Guangdong has collected only half its shares and built little track. Sichuan has suffered very large losses by false accounts, and the impeachment and pursuit have come to nothing. Hunan and Hubei have opened offices for many years that have only consumed money idly. If this goes on without end, we fear that with the days dragging on the burden on the people will grow heavier and high and low alike will suffer. We request that it be fixed that trunk lines all belong to the state, and branch lines be left to the people to build for themselves. Let the people be informed that the trunk lines which companies in the provinces had set up by raising shares before the third year of Xuantong should be taken back by the state. Let building be pressed forward in haste, and all the cases previously approved be annulled." Hence this edict. On xinwei, fire broke out in Jilin, and 40,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On guiwei, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Fuqi, Deputy Lieutenant-General and acting General of Guangzhou. On dinghai, the Advisory Council asked that the two matters of the budget and loans be referred to the Council for discussion; this was refused. On wuzi, Duanfang was summoned back with the standing of Vice Minister on the waiting list and appointed Commissioner for the Management of the Guangdong-Hankou and Sichuan-Hankou Railways. It was ordered that officials on the waiting list whose posts had been abolished must not submit memorials. It was ordered that in the autumn of this year the Imperial Guard and the army divisions of the capital region be assembled for great manoeuvres at Yongping Prefecture in Zhili. On jichou, Puwei, Prince Gong of the First Rank, was relieved because of illness as Commissioner for the Suppression of Opium, and Nalehe, Prince Shuncheng of the Second Rank, replaced him. On gengyin, the Minister of Posts and Communications Sheng Xuanhuai concluded a loan contract with the banks of four countries, Britain, Germany, France and the United States. On xinmao, Pang Hongshu was dismissed, and Shen Yuqing was made Governor of Guizhou. On renchen, the governors-general and governors were ordered to proclaim to the people that the railways were now to be managed by the state, and that from the day of the edict the rent shares of Sichuan and Hunan were also to cease. What had been collected before the fourth month of the third year of Xuantong was to be investigated and reported by the Ministry of Posts and Communications and the Commissioner for Railways together with the governors-general and governors. Any local official who dared to conceal and not report was to be questioned and punished. Yang Wending reported that since Hunan had heard the edict that the trunk railways were taken back as state property, popular feeling was alarmed and fearful and the clamour extraordinary, handbills were distributed everywhere, and he feared agitation. He was instructed to forbid it strictly, and if any bandits stirred up trouble in the midst, intending rebellion, they were to be dealt with under the statute for punishing rebel parties, killed on the spot without discussion. Zhu Jiabao reported that the meeting ground of the Yangtze and Huai was a place where bandit gangs came and went; famine had come year after year, and the spirit of robbery was fiercer still. He asked to apply the regulations used in Hubei and Sichuan for punishing secret-society and local bandits, and that offenders be dealt with by military law. On bingshen, the postal service attached to the Customs Commissioners was transferred to the management of the Ministry of Posts and Communications. The fixed land taxes on the official fields of Kunming County in Yunnan were remitted. On dingyou, relief was given for the disaster in Teng and Yi, two counties of Shandong. Edit
Fifth month. On gengzi, on the words of Wang Shiqi, Junior Vice Minister of the Court of Judicial Review, and other Hunan officials in the capital, the house tax and the rice and salt levies collected in Hunan for the railway were stopped. On xinyou, Yang Wending reported that the provincial assembly of Hunan had submitted that the Hunan railway had the strength to be built by itself and was unwilling to borrow; he forwarded the memorial on their behalf as it stood, and was strictly reprimanded. Silver was granted as compensation for overseas Chinese harmed in Mexico. On renyin, the Colonels and Majors of the Green Standard Army in Guangxi and officers below them, and the cavalry and infantry, were abolished. On guimao, Yan, Yi and Cao, three prefectures of Shandong, and Jining Department suffered disaster, and 30,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. The provincial assembly of Sichuan, because the gentry and people since hearing the edict on the nationalisation of the railways had sent letters and telegrams in swarms, asked that the takeover be postponed and that the printing of yellow-paper proclamations be stopped, and petitioned Wang Renwen to forward this. Renwen reported it; an edict sharply rebuked him, and still ordered that the yellow-paper proclamations be printed quickly, issued everywhere to inform the people, and the people earnestly instructed. On yisi, the land price silver that poor banner soldiers of Hunchun had to pay for wasteland they had taken was remitted. On wushen, the graduates returned from studying abroad, Jiang Guhuai and others, were examined in the palace and made jinshi, and appointed to office with differences of grade. On yimao, Sun Baoqi memorialised that members of the imperial clan should not meddle in government, and was reprimanded. On renzi, Na Tong was recalled from mourning and again appointed Grand Secretary of the Wenyuan Hall. On bingchen, because of the matter of taking back the railway, Guangdong proposed not to use government-issued paper money and to take silver on presenting notes. Zhang Mingqi was instructed to guard against this. On dingsi, the Advisory Council submitted a revision of the regulations of the school of shorthand. On wuwu, the Ministries of Finance and of Posts and Communications jointly memorialised on the method of taking back the trunk lines of Sichuan, Guangdong and Hankou. They asked to take back the share certificates of the companies in the four provinces of Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei, and that the Ministry issue special state railway share certificates in exchange. Guangdong's railway was to be paid at six-tenths. Hunan's and Hubei's railways were to be repaid at their original value. For the Sichuan railway, of the more than four million actually spent on labour and materials at Yichang, state guaranteed-interest shares were to be given, and the more than seven million taels now in hand might either remain as shares or be used to found industries, as they chose. An edict ordered Duanfang to go quickly to the three provinces and, together with the governors-general and governors, carry it out. Ding Baoquan was relieved because of illness, and Chen Baochen was made Governor of Shanxi. On gengshen, Yu Shimei was ordered to take general charge of the Institute of Ritual Studies. On jiazi, the Cabinet submitted the official system for officials subordinate to the Cabinet and the official system for the Legislative Bureau, and an edict ordered them promulgated. A Cabinet Office of Proclamation was established, with four bureaux: Edicts, Appointments, Statistics, and Seals. Officers called Cabinet Assistant, Director of the Office and Director of a Bureau were established. A Commissioner of the Cabinet's Legislative Bureau was also established. The Bureau for Compiling and Examining Constitutional Government, the Ministry of Personnel, the Secretariat Section, the Office for Inspecting Matters Respectfully Received by Imperial Edict and the Office for Endorsing Memorials were abolished, and their business all went to the Cabinet. The Translation Office was transferred to the Hanlin Academy. The Ministry of the Army memorialised and asked to select military counsellors for the training offices of the provinces. On yichou, the Hanlin Academy presented the "Essentials of Government of Kangxi" compiled by the Compiler Zhang Qin. Edit
Sixth month. On dingmao, the Advisory Council was ordered, together with the Cabinet, to revise its regulations. Relief was given for the flood disaster in Wuling, Longyang and Yiyang, three counties of Hunan. The powder magazine of the Baoding Army Ordnance Bureau and the powder magazine of the drill hall of the Second Army Division of the army both caught fire. On gengchen, there was flood in Anhui, and the dikes were broken at Wulibei, Jiulian and other places in Wuwei Department. On xinsi, Rongqing was made President of the Privy Council, with Zou Jialai as Vice President. Lu Runxiang was relieved as Commissioner for the Suppression of Opium, and Chen Baochen was relieved as Governor of Shanxi, awaiting a Vice Minister's post. Yiketan was relieved as Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, and registered as Deputy Lieutenant-General. The concurrent management of Shuntian Prefecture by the Prefect was abolished. On renwu, Lu Zhongqi was made Governor of Shanxi. On guiwei, Zhao Erfeng reported that he had taken over Batang and Derong, where the households asked to pay grain taxes, and that more than a thousand lamas of the Langzhuang Monastery were allowed to return to lay life. He also reported that the households of Linkashi in Batang had submitted, and were assigned to the administration of Sanba Subprefecture. On yiyou, the banner of the Zasag Gushan Beizi Sanjimidubu in the Yikezhao League suffered disaster, and 10,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On bingxu, bandit gangs in Dangar Subprefecture and Xining County gathered crowds and made disorder; the official troops beat them off, and the chief offenders Li Wang, Li Tongchun, Li Guanbojian and others were executed. On xinmao, an Office of Ceremonies was established, with a Grand Secretary Administrator, Deputy Administrator, Academicians, and Resident Academicians. Li Dianlin was made Academician Administrator of the Office of Ceremonies, with Guo Zengxin as deputy. On renchen, Luo Lun and more than 2,400 other gentry and people of Sichuan, holding that the nationalisation of the railways, and the method memorialised and fixed by Sheng Xuanhuai and Duanfang together with the Ministry of Finance, treated the people of Sichuan wholly by force and were not even-handed, did not dare to obey, and petitioned for a decision. Wang Renwen forwarded it; an edict sharply rebuked him, because he had memorialised again and again. A Consul-General for Dutch Java was newly established, and full consuls for Surabaya and Sumatra. On jiawu, heavy rain fell in Changde Prefecture in Hunan and the rivers overflowed, flooding the counties under it and ruining fields and houses, and 60,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On bingshen, because a supplementary agreement on the suppression of opium had been made with the British minister, the strict prohibition was reaffirmed, and men within the capital and outside it were instructed to carry it out in earnest. Edit
Intercalary sixth month. On jihai, Baoxi was appointed Commissioner for the Suppression of Opium. On gengzi, Enshou was relieved because of illness, and Yu Chengge was made Governor of Shaanxi. On guimao, heavy rain fell in Anhui and the Yangtze tide burst forth; the departments and counties along the river suffered flood disaster, and 50,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. On gengxu, Yu Chengge was transferred to be Governor of Hunan, and Yang Wending to be Governor of Shaanxi. On renzi an edict ordered that this year the Imperial Guard and the army divisions of the capital region be assembled for great manoeuvres at Yongping Prefecture, and the Military Adviser Beile Zaitao was ordered to attend and inspect the troops respectfully in the emperor's stead. On guichou, Beizi Pulun and Zaize, Duke Who Guards the State, were ordered, together with the Imperial Clan Court, to draft the great statutes of the imperial house. On yimao, revolutionaries attacked Li Zhun, Provincial Commander of the Navy of Guangdong, with a bomb on the road; he was wounded but escaped. Ming'an, formerly General of Jilin, died. On bingchen, Zaizhen, Lu Runxiang, Zengqi, Chen Baochen, Ding Zhenduo, Yao Xiguang, Shen Yunpei, Chengxun, Qingrui and Zhu Zumou were all appointed Advisory Ministers of the Privy Council, and the State Ministers Yikuang, Na Tong, Xu Shichang, Liang Dunyan, Shanqi, Zaize, Tang Jingchong, Yinchang, Zaixun, Shaochang, Pulun, Sheng Xuanhuai and Shouqi, together with Shiduo, Director of the Imperial Clan Court, and Kuijun and Jilu, Directors-General of the Imperial Household Department, all concurrently served as Advisory Ministers of the Privy Council. On dingsi, Shanqi was transferred to be Minister of Dependencies, and Guichun was made acting Minister of Civil Affairs. Fengshan was transferred to be General of Guangzhou, and Shouqi was made General of Jingzhou. Yan Kai and others, president of the shareholders' meeting of the Sichuan railway, submitted an impeachment of the Ministry of Posts and Communications; Zhao Erfeng forwarded it, and there was no reply. On xinyou, the principal counties in the seats of the prefectures of the provinces were abolished, and local courts of trial were established in their place. On yichou, the Cabinet asked that laws and regulations be revised. Edit
Seventh month. On renshen, Zhao Erfeng reported that over the nationalisation of the railways the people of Sichuan still largely misunderstood and were one after another making demands. The Ministry of Posts and Communications and the Commissioner for Railways were instructed to settle the railway shares and make the method plain, so as to dispel the general doubts. On jiaxu, Ruicheng, Zhang Mingqi, Zhao Erfeng and Yu Chengge were each ordered to join in managing railway affairs within their jurisdictions. Duanfang was ordered to go to Sichuan to investigate the railway affair. On dingchou, because popular feeling in Sichuan was unsettled and agitation had to be guarded against, the Provincial Commander Tian Zhenbang was instructed to restrain the camps strictly and suppress it, and Duanfang was urged to hurry to Sichuan, with leave to take troops. Zhao Erfeng and Yukun, leading the Provincial Commander and the provincial and circuit officials, memorialised that the people of Sichuan were contending over the railway fiercely, and asked that it be referred to the Advisory Council to decide that it remain under private management; this was refused, and Zhao Erfeng was still charged with suppressing and dispersing them. On jimao, heavy rain fell in all the districts of Jiangsu, the dikes burst, the standing crops in the fields were drowned, and 40,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. The Yongding River burst its banks. Duanfang entered Sichuan, and the old and new armies, by water and by land, were put at his disposal. Lu Zhengxiang was transferred to be Minister to Russia, and Liu Jingren Minister to Holland. On xinsi, Zhongrui was relieved, and Guifang was made Amban of Kobdo. Pujing was relieved, and Sayintu was made Counsellor of Kobdo. On renwu, disorder broke out in Sichuan; Zhao Erfeng seized nine men: Pu Dianjun, Speaker of the provincial assembly, Luo Lun, Deputy Speaker, Deng Xiaoke, president of the Comrades' Association to Protect the Railway, Yan Kai, president of the shareholders' meeting, Zhang Lan, and Hu Rong, Jiang Sancheng, Ye Bingcheng and Wang Mingxin. Soon afterwards the Comrades' Association gathered crowds and surrounded the Governor-General's yamen, and they dispersed only after being attacked. Relief was given for the disaster in the four prefectures of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Shaoxing in Zhejiang. On guiwei, the emperor entered school; the Grand Secretary Lu Runxiang and the Vice Minister Chen Baochen gave him instruction, and the Deputy Lieutenant-General Yiketan taught him the national language, Manchu. Relief was given for the flood disaster in Hubei. On jiashen, the dike of Chenghai County in Guangdong burst, and 40,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. The people of Sichuan resident in the capital, having held a meeting over the contest for the railway, submitted a petition to the Advisory Council asking it to forward it on their behalf. The representative Liu Shengyuan was ordered arrested and sent back to his native place. The Ministry of Education was instructed to restrain students from meddling in outside affairs, and the competent offices were ordered to forbid the gathering of crowds and holding of meetings. On dinghai, Jinan and the departments and counties of the east and west routes in Shandong suffered flood disaster, and the people's embankments on the upper Yellow River burst again; 50,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. Relief was given for the flood disaster in Fujian. On wuzi, Cen Chunxuan, formerly Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi, was ordered to go to Sichuan and, together with Zhao Erfeng, handle the suppression and pacification. On jichou, the Prince Regent reviewed the Imperial Guard. On guisi, because of the rising of the people in Sichuan, Zhao Erfeng was instructed to direct the armies to disperse them quickly, to continue to distinguish the good from the bad and suppress or pacify them accordingly, and to pardon those who had been coerced. On jiawu, the wild tribes of Bomi submitted. Edit
Eighth month. On bingshen, Robert Hart, Inspector-General of Customs, died; he was granted the rank of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. A shrine was granted at Ili to the late Ma Liang, formerly General of Chengdu and General of Ili. On renyin, Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, again asked to be relieved as Prime Minister of the Cabinet and as manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; this was not granted. On jiachen, the Zhili Governor-General's standard and the Provincial Commander's standard were abolished, as were the officers, cavalry and infantry guards of the brigade standards of Tongyong, Tianjin, Zhengding, Daming and Xuanhua; the Provincial Commander remained as before. On bingwu, Liu Guangcai, Provincial Commander of Jiangnan, was relieved because of illness, Zhang Xun was transferred to replace him, and Zhang Huaizhi was made Provincial Commander of Gansu. On dingwei, the national music was fixed. On gengxu, a Salt Administration was established, with a minister and officials under him, and the Office of Salt Affairs was abolished. Zaize was ordered to serve concurrently as Minister of the Salt Administration. On guichou, Duanfang and Ruicheng reported that the Guangdong-Hankou and Sichuan-Hankou railways within Hubei had been changed to state ownership, the privately managed companies cancelled, and a method for taking over the railway shares agreed upon; an edict commended them, and rewarded the gentry for understanding the great principle. On jiayin, revolutionaries plotted rebellion at Wuchang; the matter was discovered, thirty-two men were arrested, and Liu Rukui and two others were executed. Ruicheng reported it; an edict commended him for stopping the trouble at its very sprouting and settling the disorder in an instant, and ordered that those seized be questioned strictly and the fugitives pursued. On yimao, the New Army at Wuchang rose in mutiny and went over to the revolutionary party; the Governor-General Ruicheng abandoned the city and fled, and Wuchang fell. An edict stripped Ruicheng of his office, but still ordered him to act as Governor-General, to atone for his offences by achieving something. Yinchang, Minister of the Army, was ordered to lead the troops and go to suppress them; the Hubei troops and the relief forces were all put under his control, and Sa Zhenbing with warships and Cheng Yunhe with the navy were to help him. On bingchen, Zhang Biao, because soldiers and bandits had joined in rebellion, abandoned his camp and slipped away; he was stripped of his post as Provincial Commander of Hubei, but still charged with suppressing the bandits. The great manoeuvres at Yongping were cancelled. The ban on carrying grain from Shanxi and Henan was relaxed. The soldiers and people of Wuchang put forward Li Yuanhong, commanding officer of the Twenty-first Mixed Brigade of the army, as Commander, and set up a military government. From this time the provinces each held troops and occupied territory and called themselves independent, and those chosen as leaders were all called Commander. The revolutionary army took Hanyang, attacked the arsenal and the ironworks, and occupied Hankou. On dingsi, Yuan Shikai was summoned as Governor-General of Huguang, and Cen Chunxuan as Governor-General of Sichuan, both to take charge of the suppression and pacification. Beile Zaitao was ordered to lead the Imperial Guard armies in guarding the capital region. On wuwu, Wang Renwen was dismissed, and Zhao Erfeng was again made Commissioner for Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan. The tribute of Fengtian for this year was suspended. On jiwei, Cen Chunxuan declined the post of Governor-General of Sichuan; an edict refused. Liang Dunyan was urged to come to the capital to take up his duties. Grain was sold from the granaries in the capital to relieve the people's food. On renxu an edict ordered that the army and navy forces on the Yangtze be put under the control of Yuan Shikai. It was ordered that in the military operations in Sichuan and Hubei those who had been coerced were pardoned; those who came over of their own accord were not to be blamed for the past; those willing to follow the army and serve it, and those able to capture bandit leaders and hand them over, were to be generously rewarded. Registers of rebel parties that were captured were to be destroyed, with no one implicated. Relief and compensation were to be given to the places disturbed in the two provinces. The abolition of the Green Standard Army and the patrol defence forces of the provinces was waived. Shouqi was relieved, and Liankui was made General of Jingzhou. On guihai, an edict in the name of the Empress Dowager issued 200,000 taels of silver from the treasury to relieve the people of Hubei who suffered from the war. In Longxi and Nanjing, two counties of Fujian, the rivers overflowed and the dikes burst, and 20,000 taels of silver from the treasury were issued as relief. Because of the military operations in Hubei, Shandong and Shanxi were instructed to buy and ship rice and wheat to supply the army. On jiazi, Wang Shizhen, Deputy Lieutenant-General, was ordered to assist in handling military affairs in Hubei. Edit
Ninth month. On the first day, yichou, there was an eclipse of the sun. The Advisory Council held its second session, and an edict encouraged the members. The New Army in Hunan rose in mutiny; the Governor Yu Chengge fled to a warship, and Huang Zhonghao, commander of the patrol-defence camps and formerly Brigade General of Youjiang in Guangxi, died in the defence. On bingyin, the New Army in Shaanxi rose in mutiny; the Provincial Administration Commissioner Qian Nengxun, acting Governor, tried to kill himself but failed, and then fled to Tongguan; Wenrui, General of Xi'an, and the Deputy Lieutenant-Generals Chengyan and Kemong'e all died in the defence. On dingmao, an edict in the name of the Empress Dowager issued 240,000 taels from the privy purse to relieve the famine in Zhili, Jilin, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangdong, and a Society for Charitable Relief was established. On wuchen, Zhang Yintang was relieved, and Shi Zhaoji was appointed Minister to Italy, Mexico and Peru. Revolutionaries killed Fengshan, General of Guangzhou, with a bomb. On jisi, the Empress Dowager gave money to the Society for Charitable Relief. The Advisory Council said that Sheng Xuanhuai, Minister of Posts and Communications, had usurped authority and broken the law, deceived the throne, gilded policy and brought about disaster and disorder, and was truly the arch-culprit who had ruined the state; an edict stripped him of office. Duanfang reported that on inquiry the origin of the disorder in Sichuan lay in the clash between officials and people, and asked that the nine men, Pu Dianjun, Speaker of the provincial assembly, Deng Xiaoke and the others, be released, and that Xiao Xiang, a Secretary of the Ministry of Law detained in Hubei, also be spared prosecution; this was granted. Tang Shaoyi was made Minister of Posts and Communications. Chen Bangrui was appointed Commissioner for Relief in Jiangsu and Anhui. On gengwu, the Empress Dowager took 1,000,000 taels from the privy purse to supply the army in Hubei. Yinchang was recalled, and Yuan Shikai was appointed Imperial Commissioner to take charge of suppression and pacification in Hubei and to command all the armies. Feng Guozhang, Military Adviser, was ordered to command the First Army, and Duan Qirui, Provincial Commander of Jiangbei, the Second Army, both under the control of Yuan Shikai. Chunlu was made General of Guangzhou. Posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Fengshan, General of Guangzhou, who had been killed. Feng Guozhang fought the revolutionary army at Shekou, attacked Hankou from both water and land, and recovered it. On renshen, because Ruicheng had lost Wuchang and taken refuge on a warship, slipping out of the province to save his life and losing all honour, an edict ordered him arrested and sent to the capital, to be handed to the Ministry of Law for trial. On guiyou, an edict was issued blaming the emperor himself. Pulun and Zaize were ordered to draft the articles of the constitution and report them quickly. The Grand Secretary Shixu, President of the Advisory Council, was relieved because of illness, and Li Jiaju was appointed in his place, with Dashou as Vice President. Guichun returned to his post as Vice Minister in charge of the granaries, and Zhao Bingjun was made acting Minister of Civil Affairs. Yu Chengge, Governor of Hunan, was stripped of office but still acted as Governor of Hunan. The New Army in Shanxi rose in mutiny, and the Governor Lu Zhongqi died in the defence. The New Army in Yunnan rose in mutiny; the Governor-General Li Jingxi fled, and the Provincial Administration Commissioner Shizeng, the divisional commander Zhong Lintong, Wang Zhenji, expectant Intendant of the Office of Military Preparation, and Fan Zhongyue, commander of the baggage camp, all died in the defence. Tang Shouqian was ordered to take general charge of the militia in Zhejiang. The ban on parties was lifted. Those who had been convicted in the coup of the wuxu year, and those who had at various times been suspected of political revolution, and those who had been coerced in this affair and returned of their own accord, were all pardoned. The Advisory Council said that the Cabinet should bear responsibility, and asked that the present regulations be abolished and a complete cabinet system be put into practice, with no princes or imperial relatives holding the posts. An edict approved it. Shuntian Prefecture sold grain at stabilised prices. On jiaxu, the New Army in Jiangxi rose in mutiny; the Governor Feng Rukui fled to Jiujiang and died by taking poison. The New Army in Anhui attacked the provincial capital and was beaten off. On yihai, Yuan Shikai was appointed Prime Minister of the Cabinet and ordered to form a complete cabinet. Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank, was dismissed as Prime Minister of the Cabinet and ordered to be President of the Privy Council. Na Tong and Xu Shichang were dismissed as Assistant Prime Ministers of the Cabinet and, with Rongqing, were made Advisory Ministers of the Privy Council. Shanqi, Zou Jialai, Zaize, Tang Jingchong, Yinchang, Zaixun, Shaochang, Pulun, Tang Shaoyi and Shouqi were dismissed as State Ministers, and all relieved of ministry business. Zaitao was dismissed as Military Adviser, and Yinchang took the post. Wei Guangtao was summoned as Governor-General of Huguang and ordered to go to Hubei quickly. The army and navy forces and the Yangtze naval forces remained under the control and direction of Yuan Shikai. On bingzi, Yuan Shikai was summoned to the capital. Wang Shizhen was ordered to act as Governor-General of Huguang. On the words of Zhang Shaozeng, the Advisory Council was instead ordered to draw up the constitution. On dingchou, the Advisory Council memorialised that it adopted the principle of constitutional monarchy and presented the Nineteen Articles of Important Creed. A hundred thousand taels from the privy purse were issued to relieve the people of Sichuan who suffered from the war. On wuyin, an edict ordered the senior officers commanding troops to proclaim to the people that the court was making a fresh start with them and could not bear to use military force again. The officers commanding troops were instructed to make discipline clear and forbid the disturbing of the people. Wu Luzhen, divisional commander of the Sixth Division, was ordered to act as Governor of Shanxi. Yuan Shikai resigned as Prime Minister of the Cabinet; a mild edict encouraged him. Posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Lu Zhongqi, Governor of Shanxi, who had died for the state. Guizhou declared independence and chose a Commander, and the Governor Shen Yuqing fled. The revolutionary army took Shanghai. Yuan Shikai ordered the armies at the front to stop advancing. Soon he sent Liu Chengen, a prefect, and Cai Tinggan, a colonel, to Li Yuanhong to urge him to disband his troops, but they returned without gaining the main point. On jimao, an edict permitted revolutionaries to form political parties in accordance with the law. The Advisory Council said that in the battle of Hankou the official troops had slaughtered the people cruelly, and asked that an order stop the fighting. Yuan Shikai was instructed to investigate and punish the officers' crimes, and the losses of merchants and people were to be made good by the state. Wu Luzhen reported that he had sent men into the enemy army to persuade them, ordered a halt to attack, and gone himself to Xiangzi Pass to console the revolutionary army; an edict commended him. The Office of Diplomatic Commissioner of Guangdong was abolished. Cheng Dequan, Governor of Jiangsu, because Suzhou had gone over to the revolutionary army, called himself Commander. The New Army in Zhejiang rose in mutiny and the Governor Zengyun was seized, but was soon released. On gengchen, Zhang Shaozeng, divisional commander of the Twentieth Division, was granted the rank of Vice Minister and sent to pacify the Yangtze region. Zhang Shaozeng pleaded illness and did not go. Zhang Xun was appointed Associate Commissioner for Military Affairs of the Southern Seas. Zhao Erfeng was relieved, and Duanfang was ordered to act as Governor-General of Sichuan. Yuan Shikai was urged to enter the capital. Wang Zhaoming, Huang Fusheng and Luo Shixun, prisoners suspected of political offences, were released from prison. On xinsi, Shen Bingkun, Governor of Guangxi, called himself Commander. Fire broke out in the Bureau of Appointments of the Cabinet. On renwu, Xu Shaozhen, divisional commander of the New Army at Jiangning, because his army had mutinied, was resisted in a defence by General Tieliang, the Governor-General Zhang Renjun and the Provincial Commander Zhang Xun. Zhenjiang fell, and Zaimu, Deputy Lieutenant-General of Jingkou, died in the defence. The New Army in Anhui rose in mutiny and put forward the Governor Zhu Jiabao as Commander. On guiwei, an edict specially appointed Yuan Shikai Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Following the memorial of the Advisory Council, he was chosen publicly according to the articles of the constitution; hence this order. Lu Haihuan asked that the Society for Charitable Relief be extended in accordance with the law of the Red Cross; this was granted. Guangdong declared independence and chose a Commander, and the Governor-General Zhang Mingqi fled. The New Army in Fujian rose in mutiny, and the General Pushou and the Governor-General Songshou died in the defence. On jiashen, an edict in the name of the Empress Dowager dismissed Jilu and recalled Shixu to be Director-General of the Imperial Household Department again. Xiliang was summoned to an audience. Since the court had never at the outset made a distinction between Manchu and Chinese, soldiers and people, the officers commanding troops were ordered to proclaim this to them. On yiyou, Sun Baoqi, Governor of Shandong, declared independence. Shuntian Prefecture reported the establishment in the capital of a General Temporary Society of Charity and Relief with the Red Cross. Beile Yulang was dismissed as Military Adviser and Xu Shichang replaced him. On bingxu, rewards and compensation were granted to the officers and men who had fought and defended at Jiangning. Lu Haihuan was ordered to be President of the Chinese Red Cross Society, and also to manage the affairs of the Society for Charitable Relief. The provincial assembly and New Army of the three Eastern Provinces demanded independence; the Governor-General Zhao Erxun would not follow, set their proposal aside, and still ordered them to be persuaded. On dinghai, the army divisions of the capital region and the troops of all the routes, together with the force under Jiang Guiti, were ordered to be under the control of Yuan Shikai. On wuzi, Commissioners of Consolation were sent out separately to the provinces affected by war, to seek the views of the people. The governors-general and governors of the provinces were ordered to put forward men fit to be representatives and send them to the capital to take part in a conference. Zhao Erxun, blaming himself for the affair of Sichuan, asked to be dismissed; an edict refused. Wu Luzhen reached Shijiazhuang with his troops and was killed by his subordinates. The censor Wen Su impeached Wu Luzhen for harbouring evil intentions, with signs of rebellion evident. An edict ordered Chen Kuilong to investigate. Wang Shizhen was relieved because of illness, and Duan Zhigui was ordered to act as Governor-General of Huguang. The breach of the Yongding River was closed. Yuan Shikai came to the capital. On jichou, Zhang Xiluan was made Governor of Shanxi. Putin was relieved, and Xiliang was made Military Governor of Rehe. On gengyin, Yuan Shikai put forward the State Ministers. An edict appointed Liang Dunyan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Zhao Bingjun Minister of Civil Affairs, Yan Xiu Minister of Finance, Tang Jingchong Minister of Education, Wang Shizhen Minister of the Army, Sa Zhenbing Minister of the Navy, Shen Jiaben Minister of Justice, Zhang Jian Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Yang Shiqi Minister of Posts and Communications, and Dashou Minister of Dependencies, each with a deputy minister established to assist him. Yu Shimei and Baoxi were made Commissioners for Revising the Laws. Shaochang, Lin Shaonian, Chen Bangrui, Wang Xu, Wu Yusheng and Enshun were all made Advisory Ministers of the Privy Council. On xinmao, Duan Qirui was ordered to act as Governor-General of Huguang. Shengyun was summoned to act as Governor of Shaanxi and take charge of military affairs. On renchen, Zengyun, Governor of Zhejiang, was stripped of office for leaving his post without authority. On guisi, because the officers and men had fought bravely in directing the attack on the remnants at Moling Pass, Zhang Xun was granted the hereditary rank of Light Chariot Commandant of the second class. On jiawu, the Advisory Council submitted a revision of the regulations of the Council, and it was promulgated. Edit
Winter, tenth month. On bingshen, the Cabinet reported matters in conflict with constitutional government, and audiences and the submission of memorials were stopped. The Privy Council and the Military Advisory Office were likewise limited. The old rule of daily duty in the offices was abolished. Shixu was again appointed Grand Secretary of the Wenyuan Hall. On wuxu, Wu Tingfang, Zhang Jian, Tang Wenzhi and Wen Zongyao urged the Prince Regent to approve a republican form of government. On gengzi, the Nineteen Articles of the Constitution were sworn before the Ancestral Temple, and the Prince Regent performed the sacrifice in the emperor's place. Lao Naixuan was made Director-General of the Imperial University. Puliang was relieved, and Huang Maocheng, Brigade General of Xuanhua in Zhili, was ordered to act concurrently as Military Governor of Chahar. On xinchou, Zhang Huaizhi, Provincial Commander of Gansu, was ordered to assist with the defence of Zhili. Chengdu in Sichuan declared independence and chose a Commander. On renyin, Duanfang, Commissioner for Railways, expectant Vice Minister and acting Governor-General of Sichuan, led troops into Sichuan, and at Zizhou was killed by his subordinates. His younger brother Duanjin, who followed him, was killed with him. His services in recovering Hanyang were recorded again, and Feng Guozhang was enfeoffed as Baron of the second class. Amuer Linggui, Prince of Horqin, was ordered to go to Fengtian and, together with Zhao Erxun, plan Mongol affairs. The mutinous troops attacked Jinling, and the Colonel Wang Youhong fell in battle. On jiachen, Sun Baoqi cancelled his independence and impeached himself, awaiting punishment. An edict pardoned him and praised the officials and merchants of Shandong who had not joined in. Silver from the treasury was issued to reward Zhang Xun's army. Liang Dingfen was given the rank of Capital Official of the third rank and ordered to join Li Zhun in recovering Guangdong. On bingwu, the revolutionary army took Jiangning; General Tieliang and the Governor-General Zhang Renjun fled to Shanghai, and Zhang Xun withdrew with the rest of his men to hold Xuzhou. Yuan Shikai concluded with the people's army an agreement for a temporary cessation of fighting, with a three-day truce. From then it was extended again and again, until the day the form of state was decided. Xu Shichang was appointed Commissioner exclusively in charge of training the Imperial Guard. On dingwei, Baofen was relieved, and Qi Yaolin was made Governor of Henan. Shouxun was ordered, together with Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang, to plan the management of military affairs. On wushen, the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu [Zhebuzundanba Hutuketu] set himself up independently and drove out Sanduo, Amban at Kulun. An edict stripped Sanduo of his office. On jiyou, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Feng Rukui, Governor of Jiangxi, who had died for the state. On gengxu, the Prince Regent Zaifeng memorialised to the Empress Dowager, returning the seal of Prince Regent and retiring to his princely residence. An edict in the name of the Empress Dowager promoted Shixu and Xu Shichang both to Grand Guardian, to protect the emperor. Duan Qirui was instructed to suppress the local bandits on the roads of Dangyang, Tianmen and elsewhere. On xinhai, an edict gave Yuan Shikai full powers as minister, and he was to appoint representatives to go to the south to discuss the general situation. Feng Guozhang was made Military Governor of Chahar. The Advisory Council asked that the solar calendar be adopted, and that subjects be free to cut their queues; an edict ordered both carried out. On renzi, the Commissioner for Training the Imperial Guard was changed to Commander-in-Chief, and Feng Guozhang was appointed to it. Liangbi was made Military Adviser of the Military Advisory Office. Posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Songshou, Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang, who had died for the state. On bingchen, the coal mine of Chahan Aola on Taiping Mountain in Heilongjiang was opened. On dingsi, the revolutionary army reached Jingzhou, and Hengling, acting Deputy Lieutenant-General of the Left Wing, died in the defence. On wuwu, the Cabinet reported issuing patriotic public-loan bonds. On xinyou, Sun Baoqi was relieved, and Hu Jianshu was made Governor of Shandong. Edit
Eleventh month. On the first day, jiazi, Yuan Shikai asked that the old system of sealed memorials by officials be abolished. On yichou, Shi Jiyun, formerly acting Provincial Judicial Commissioner of Hubei, and Chen Zhongxin, formerly Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, were ordered to manage the militia in Sichuan. On bingyin, Yin Changheng and Luo Lun of Chengdu, leading the Comrades' Army, entered the Governor-General's yamen and seized Zhao Erfeng, formerly acting Governor-General of Sichuan and Commissioner for Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan; he did not yield, and was killed. On wuchen, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Zhao Guoxian, Brigade General of Chaozhou in Guangdong, who had died in service. On renshen, the Empress Dowager ordered a provisional national assembly to be summoned, to decide by public vote the form of state, a constitutional republic. At first, Yuan Shikai had sent Tang Shaoyi south to discuss the general situation with Wu Tingfang, representative of the people's army, with Shanghai as the place for negotiating peace; they met again and again, and Wu Tingfang insisted strongly on abolishing the monarchy and establishing a republic; Tang Shaoyi could not refute him, and holding that it should first be reported to the throne and the emperor's decision taken, he accordingly reported it. Yuan Shikai memorialised asking that the princes and great ministers be summoned to hold a conference in the imperial presence, and in the end followed his words. Now a date was fixed for holding a national convention at Shanghai to settle the form of state. On jiaxu, seventeen representatives of the provinces held an electoral meeting at Shanghai to elect a provisional president, chose a provisional president, set up a government at Nanjing, and fixed the title of the state as the Republic of China. On wuyin, the imperial relatives, princes and dukes were urged to contribute funds to supply the army. Dingcheng, Chief Minister of the Court of Judicial Review, was relieved, and Liu Ruozeng replaced him. On jimao, Yang Shiqi was relieved, and Liang Shiyi was ordered to act as Minister of Posts and Communications. On xinsi, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Duanfang, acting Governor-General of Sichuan, Commissioner for the Guangdong-Hankou and Sichuan-Hankou Railways and expectant Vice Minister, and to his younger brother the prefect Duanjin. The Salt Administration was abolished. The soldiers at Luanzhou mutinied and were pacified. Yang Zuanxu, commanding officer of a brigade of the New Army at Ili, led a mutiny, and General Zhirui died in it. On dinghai, a proclamation was sent to the Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu [Zhebuzundanba Hutuketu], together with treasures of former reigns as a gift. On gengyin, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Hengling, acting Deputy Lieutenant-General of the Left Wing at Jingzhou, who had died for the state. On xinmao, Yuan Shikai met a bomb on the road, but it did not strike him. On renchen, Zhang Huaizhi was ordered to serve concurrently as Associate Commissioner for the defence of Shandong. On guisi, the competent officials were ordered to protect the lives and property of foreigners. Shuqing'a was ordered to assist with the defence of Hubei. Wuzhen was made Commandant of the Infantry Guard, and the capital was placed under martial law. Edit
Twelfth month. On the first day, jiawu, Zhang Huaizhi was granted the rank of Governor. On jiwei, Lu Zhongqi, formerly Governor of Shanxi, was granted again the hereditary rank of Light Chariot Commandant of the second class, and his son Lu Guangxi, Reader of the Hanlin Academy, who had been killed at the same time, was posthumously given the rank of Capital Official of the third rank, with generous compensation and a posthumous name, and Lu Zhongqi's wife, Lady Tang, was honoured and compensated. On dingyou, Zhang Renjun was dismissed, and Zhang Xun was ordered to act as Governor-General of Liangjiang. Hu Jianshu was dismissed, and Zhang Guangjian was ordered to act as Governor of Shandong, with Wu Dingyuan to join in the defence of Shandong. On jihai, posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Zhirui, General of Ili, who had died for the state. On xinchou, an edict in the name of the Empress Dowager, in view of Yuan Shikai's public spirit and loyalty in serving the state, enfeoffed him as Marquis of the first rank. E'lehun was ordered to act as General of Ili, and Wenqi to manage the affairs of the Counsellor of Tarbagatai. Li Jiaju was relieved, and Xu Dinglin was made President of the Advisory Council. Revolutionaries struck Liangbi with a bomb, wounding his thigh, and he died two days later. On renyin, Yuan Shikai declined the marquisate, and after repeatedly refusing firmly, accepted it. On guimao, because Tongguan had been recovered, 10,000 taels of silver were granted to reward the army. On jiachen, in recording the merit of recovering Hanyang, Zhang Biao was restored to his post as Provincial Commander. On yisi, Zhang Huaizhi was made Governor of Anhui. Posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Pushou, General of Fuzhou, who died in service. On dingwei, Zhang Xiluan was ordered to go to Fengtian to join in managing its defence, Li Shengduo to act as Governor of Shanxi, and Lu Yongxiang to join in managing military affairs in Shanxi. Posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Liangbi, Military Adviser of the Military Advisory Office, who had been killed. On wushen, Wang Geng was made Military Adviser of the Military Advisory Office. On jiyou, an edict in the name of the Empress Dowager gave Yuan Shikai full powers to discuss terms with the people's army and report them. At the time Cen Chunxuan, Yuan Shuxun, Lu Zhengxiang, Duan Qirui and others asked that the form of a republic be fixed quickly so as to spare the people from misery; so, without waiting for the national assembly to be summoned, it was decided to give up the powers of government of one's own accord, and thus there was this order. On gengxu, Kunyuan was ordered to join in managing the defence of Rehe. On xinhai, Song Xiaolian was ordered to act as Governor of Heilongjiang. On renzi, Xu Shichang was relieved as Military Adviser, and posthumous honours and compensation were granted to Shizeng, Provincial Administration Commissioner of Gansu, who died for the state in Yunnan. On yimao, Xiliang was relieved, and Kunyuan was ordered to act as Military Governor of Rehe. On dingsi, the unpaid poll-tax and grain tribute silver and grain of Xuzhou Prefecture in Jiangnan were remitted. On wuwu, Yuan Shikai reported that he had deliberated with Wu Tingfang, the representative of the south, and that they approved a republic; he presented the eight articles on the favourable treatment of the imperial house, the four articles on the treatment of the imperial clan, and the seven articles on the treatment of the Manchus, Mongols, Hui and Tibetans, nineteen articles in all. The Empress Dowager ordered Yuan Shikai, with full powers, to establish a provisional republican government and to discuss with the people's army a method of unification. Yuan Shikai then, receiving the Empress Dowager's edict, proclaimed to the empire and the world: "Formerly, because the people's army rose in righteous rebellion and the provinces responded, the whole land boiled over and the people were thrown into misery. We specially commanded Yuan Shikai to send officials to discuss the general situation with the representatives of the people's army, and to deliberate on opening a national assembly and deciding the form of government by public vote. For two months there has been no proper method. North and south are cut off from each other and stand in stalemate. Merchants have stopped on the roads and soldiers are exposed in the fields. As long as the form of state is undecided for a day, the people's livelihood is unsettled for a day. Now the feeling of the whole nation's people mostly inclines toward a republic. The provinces of the south had first raised the call of righteousness, and the commanders of the north have since supported it. Where the hearts of the people turn, the mandate of Heaven can be known. How could We bear, for the sake of the honour of one family, to go against the likes and dislikes of the millions? Therefore, looking outward at the great trend and inward at the feeling of the people, We specially lead the emperor to give the power of rule to the whole nation, and fix the form of state as a constitutional republic. This brings nearby comfort to the hearts of those within the seas who are weary of disorder and long for peace, and in the far view accords with the principle of the ancient sages that the world is for all. Yuan Shikai was formerly chosen by the Advisory Council as Prime Minister; at this time of the replacing of the new with the old, he should devise the means of uniting north and south. Let Yuan Shikai, with full powers, organise a provisional republican government and discuss with the people's army the method of unification. The aim throughout is that the people may live in peace and the land within the seas be tranquil, and that the entire territory of the five peoples, Manchu, Mongol, Han, Hui and Tibetan, may be joined together as one great Republic of China. Thus We and the emperor may retire to leisure and spend the years at ease, receive the generous courtesy of the nation's people, and see with our own eyes the completion of a most orderly rule; is it not a fine thing!" It went on: "The rulers of the world in antiquity set importance on preserving the people's lives, and could not bear that what nourishes men should be used to harm them. Now that the form of state is to be newly fixed, it is nothing other than the wish first to put an end to great disorder and hope to preserve peace. If We were to go against the hearts of the majority of the people, and to reopen endless calamities of war, then the general situation would break apart and killing would follow killing, and it would certainly turn into the bitter suffering of races. It would come to the point where the nine temples would be shaken and the millions poisoned, and how can We bear again to speak of later calamity? When two harms are set side by side, take the lesser. This is just the painful concern of the court in weighing the times and watching the change, and pitying the suffering of Our people. All of you subjects in the capital and outside it must by all means understand this intent, weigh the benefits and harms for the whole situation, and not nurse hollow and affected spirit or indulge in extreme and empty words, to the harm of both the state and the people. Let the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Commandant of the Infantry Guard, Jiang Guiti, Feng Guozhang and the others guard against this with strict care and instruct the people earnestly, so that all may clearly understand the court's intent to follow Heaven and accord with the people, with the greatest impartiality and without selfishness. As for the state's establishment of offices and division of duties, it is to set the standard for the people. Within, there are arranged the cabinet, offices, ministries and courts; outside, the governors-general, governors, commissioners and intendants are set up; all this is in order to give peace and protection to the multitude, and not established for one man or one family. All officials great and small in the capital and outside it should be mindful of the difficulty of the times and attend to their duties with care. Their superiors are to be charged to admonish and encourage them earnestly, that they not neglect their posts, so as to answer to Our long-standing wish to cherish and care for the common people." It also said: "Earlier, because the general situation was perilous and the myriad people suffering, We specially instructed the Cabinet to deliberate with the people's army on the articles for the favourable treatment of the imperial house, hoping for a peaceful solution. Now according to the reply memorial, the articles of generous courtesy set out by the people's army on the points that the ancestral temples and imperial tombs be sacrificed to for ever, and that the tombs of former emperors be kept in repair as before, have all been undertaken and accepted without exception. The emperor merely lays down the power of government, and his honoured title is not abolished. It has also been agreed to have eight articles on the favourable treatment of the imperial house, four on the treatment of the imperial clan, and seven on the treatment of the Manchus, Mongols, Hui and Tibetans. On reading the memorial We find it fairly thorough. We specially announce this to the imperial clan and to the Manchus, Mongols, Hui and Tibetans: from now on you must remove all boundaries, together preserve peace and order, see once more the world at peace, and all enjoy the happiness of the republic; We have great hopes of it." Then he abdicated. Edit
The appraisal says: The emperor succeeded to the throne in his infancy, and a Prince Regent was set up; the affairs of army and state were all disposed of by him, and great matters were reported to the Empress Dowager for her decision. When the great upheaval had begun, he suddenly gave up the powers of government; the world was for all, and favourable treatment was kept for ever, and so there began a wonder that has not been seen in a thousand ages. The guest of Yu holds his place, and the institutions and relics are still fresh. Right and wrong are settled by discussion, and those who write history find it difficult. Yet when Confucius made the Spring and Autumn Annals, he wrote what should be written and cut what should be cut. For the age that he saw he was fuller than for the age that he heard of; how can the precedents of a dynasty be left out? Perhaps it too will serve as a mirror for the world and for later ages. Edit
The English was translated from the original by an AI, not checked sentence by sentence by a person, and is for reference; where it differs from the original, the original is right. Names are in pinyin. If a sentence is wrong, use “Edit” after the paragraph to correct it - no need to sign in.
Source: 清史稿 卷二十五 本纪二十五 宣统皇帝本纪 (Draft History of Qing, juan 25, Annals 25: Annals of the Xuantong Emperor)
Wikipedia: Puyi · Chinese Wikipedia: 溥仪 · Baidu Baike: 溥仪 (an article of the same name, not checked to be him)
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From the historical record: the notes below say where · qing-zongshi-01006
Notes (3)
- [Source] 清史稿 卷二十五 本纪二十五 宣统皇帝本纪 Draft History of Qing, juan 25, Annals 25: Annals of the Xuantong Emperor
- [Collation note] 本纪：「宣統皇帝名溥儀，宣宗之曾孫，醇賢親王奕譞之孫，監國攝政王載灃之子也，於德宗為本生弟子。」 The annals: “The Xuantong Emperor, named Pǔyí, was a great-grandson of Xuanzong, a grandson of Yìxuān, Prince Chun of the First Rank, and a son of Zàifēng, the Prince Regent; to Dezong he was the son of a brother by birth.”
- [Collation note] 本纪：「入承大統，為嗣皇帝，嗣穆宗，兼承大行皇帝之祧」 The annals: “he came to the throne as the heir emperor, heir to Muzong, and continuing the line of the late emperor (Dezong) as well”